Comparison between Japan and the Great Britain

Its quick to notice that both Japan and the great Britain are islands nations located on different parts of the world and bearing to this fact,both of them were greatly influenced in similar ways in their historical development attributed by their geographic feature. Because of their water surrounding nature ,both of them were isolated for a period of years by other nations. Due to their natural harbors both of them practiced imperialism around the globe. Japan never faced imperialism by the Great Britain and this ids because of its island nature. Both Japan and the Great Britain are member of the united nations and the G8.Both Japan and the Great Britain have a bicameral parliament . This is a system of parliament consisting of two chambers or two houses. Before the second world war ,both Japan and the Great Britain shared a particular bicameralism known as aristocratic . This includes hereditary peers who are chosen by the emperor or Her Majesty i the queen for Britain Japanese hou se of peers was abolished after world war two and replaced with its current house of councilors. Japan runs a system of government that is representative democracy. Japans bicameral system is neither connected with federalism it exist in unitary states.This implies that their upper house prevalence is for scrutiny to the lower house.. In Great Britain their bicameralism entails democratic and aristocratic elements. This includes the hereditary peers making up house of lords and house of commons which is entirely elected (Dwight 89). Both of them have prime minister Japan has an emperor who is a ceremonial leader and the head of cabinet,wile Great Britain has Her majesty the queen . The emperor has the authority to appoint the prime minister who serves as the head of government. Parliament majority who are compulsory diet members choses the prime minister .The sovereignty of japan is fully vested upon its citizens (Bradley 108). The Great Britain is s union of 4 countries England,Nor thern Ireland, Scotland and Wales majesty queen Elizabeth is the head of state in th parliamentary democracy government . Her monarch also serves as head of state to other 15 other commonwealth parliamentary government is based ion strong democratic traditions. prime minister is the head of government which is selected on the basis of current head of political party that gets full back up by the majority in the house of commons.The prime minister and the cabinet are official appointees by Her Majesty the queen but its the prerogative of the prime minister to select the cabinet which is actually derived from his /her party. The Great Britain parliament comprises of two houses namely house of commons and House of lords House of lords comprises of lords spiritual who are senior bishops of the church of England and lords temporal who are members of the peerage members of the peerage are never elected by citizens but obtain their appointment through former or present government.. House o f commons are elected while house of lords are hereditary and life peers.Japan has a set up of 2 political organizations which are the government which is made up of coalition of 2 major parties and the opposition which comprises of other minor parties. Their system is also characterized by the presence of chief cabinet secretary. The Great Britain government has the ability to change or stop written or unwritten element of the constitution because power is vested in them to do it. (Hamilton ,119) The Japan parliament is equally made up of two sides namely house of councilors and house of representatives. Electoral systems Japan.It has a political system with 3 types of elections First is the general elections to the house of representative that is run after every 4 years. The second one is to the house of councilors that is run after every 3 years to select one half of its members and local elections that is also run after every 4 years this is particularly for the villages and cit ies. Britain. There are five distinct types of elections namely general election,national or regional and assemblies election,elections to European parliament local and mayoral elections are six different methods in place for elections.(Michael, 211) Voting The minimum age for voting in Japan is 20 years and one must certify 3 month residency requirements office seekers minimum age is 25 years to the house of representatives and 35 years to the house of councilors. In the Great Britain the minimum age is 18 years and any person aged above 21 years and above who is a British citizen of another commonwealth country including Irish republic is allowed to vie for an election in Parliament.Elections are held after dissolution of parliament after every 5 years but the decision on when to hold the elections is determined by the prime minister (Michael ,189) Its a general fact that can be established that in a country the electoral system has a major impact on development of any political s cenario Great Britain the system vests itself upon an individual candidate to garner majority vote hence making him /her a member of parliament in the house of commons. CultureContrary to the Great Britain,Japans political parties since their i9th century,they have evolved drastically hence making them to go through a series of splitting of factions,regrouping and renaming . This has actually drawn adverse effects to the general public whose perception has been of mixed reactions. Amidst all these its still worth noting that laws in Japan actually stops or inhibits candidates from making written propaganda during electoral periods. Internet campaigns are also not allowed.Left with almost no option,politicians are left with no option they resort to shouting in loudspeakers in little vans driving into their constituencies This actually deprives them of the freedom to express themselves freely. Judicial system In Japan the chief justice is appointed by the monarch and all other justice s are appointed by the cabinet . whereas in the Great Britain hey actually don't have a unified judicial system,its divided as in England and Wales have one system,Scotland another and Northern Ireland a third one.They have the court of appeal,high court,crown court ,magistrate court and county court that are all administered by a body called her majesty court services with the house of lords being the highest appeal court in most cases but particularly in England and wales. The Great Britain is divided into 646 constituencies where only one member of parliament is elected. Japans military is governed by the ministry of defense the Britain Her Majesty is the head of the armed forced controlled by the Ministry of Defense which reports directly to defense council with the chief of defense staff being the head (Dwight 76).Political culture In Japan sovereign depends on prime ministers advice and in Japan ii entirely depends on its citizens. There is no written constitution in Britain r equired extraordinary to make judgment to certain issues. In Japan Public hearings are not given much weight contrary to the Great Britain. The expiry period of a bill in Japan is a shorter this is due to the fact that once they are not brought forward for voting during session they are rendered expired by the end of a session.But its worth noting that a bill passed by one house but not the other still qualifies to become law. Conclusion. From the above research its evident that democracy prevails more in Great Britain. than in Japan . Actually, England democratic standards has set a pace in the world democracy today. Taking a deeper look on the Great Britain parliament and the Japanese parliament,it further reveals that there is a wide gap between Japans parliamentary committee and plenary session (William 54). This in turn has greatly contributed to the imbalance.Comparison of the two worlds most industrialized countries shows that in the early seventies, Japans house of represent atives met in plenary session about fifty times only per year which is averagely about 82 hours while the house of councilors met about 30 times per year translating to about 60 hours. During the same time in the Great Britain, the house of commons met for over 167 times in a year translating to above 1500 hours while the house of lords met over 110 times a year giving a total of above 700 hours (Michael 21) .From the above one can actually derive that full house sessions are not given much priority in Japans legislative ideal. Japan democracy has been deprived of one most important aspect which is communication. Politicians are not allowed to put their campaigns on the Internet and no wide intensely conducted campaigns unlike in the Great Britain where a politician can actually walk from door to door campaigning and much emphasis is placed on posters,Internet and communication system at large.Works cited. Hamilton, James. Britain legal system:legislature and politics. New York: Dig ireads Constitutional history, 2000. Dwight, Merry D. Japanese legal system:politics and people. London: Cavendish Publishing, 2002. William, Roger and Timpson Michael . political culture in Britain. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001. Bradley Richardson. political culture in Japan. California. University of California press,2001.

Education as a social institution

Although today we learn basic but Important things we need to know In order to be accepted In society. Through education social Institutions we learn to read, write, and speak; these seemingly simple tasks are tasks we need for Just about any occupation today. Education as a social Institution affects me every school day. On my academic days I take part In education as the student, while on tech days I take part In education as the teacher. I really like the teaching style In the united states: also I enjoyed learning about the different teaching styles used in other parts of the world.Japan's teaching style was very intriguing to me. I believe the U. S. Would benefit immensely from taking principles from Japan into our educational social institutions. I was fascinated with the solidarity with the group that is stressed in Japan's education system. I'm impressed with how much responsibility the Japanese children have, and would really like to see our younger generations grow up to be like that too. As a teacher, the rising problems in U. S. Education worry me as I think about future generations. I feel that mediocrity is mediocre.I strongly believe that students should work hard for their grades, and not get them handed to them by lowering the passing grade. If we continue to lower the grades our population will become less educated. I am also concerned about the violence in our schools today. Safety wasn't always an issue in schools, so why have we allowed so much violence in that it is an issue? Seeing a cop pace through halls with a mission is intimidating to students, and wouldn't be happening if there was no violence at all in schools. I believe schools would do more to prevent violence from even coming close to schools.On the other hand, as a student, I'm guilty of being accepting to grades I get when a teacher uses a curve. As a student I take advantage of education as a social Institution. Although education is a very critical part of a student's life, I feel all of us don't give it the credit it deserves. Education as a social Institution teaches us more than English, Math, and Science; our schools teach us norms, taboos, and how to behave In our culture. I believe education Is the most Important social Institution In our society. Education as a social institution By allowing If you think about it, we would not get very far in life if we didn't have education social institutions. It's understandable that obviously earlier societies did it before education became a social institution. Although today we learn basic but important things we need to know in order to be accepted in society. Through education social institutions we learn to read, write, and speak; these seemingly simple tasks are tasks Education as a social institution affects me every school day.On my academic days I take part in education as the student, while on tech days I take part in education as the teacher. I really like the teaching style in the United States; also I enjoyed wouldn't be happening if there was no violence at all in schools. I believe schools institution. Although education is a very critical part of a student's life, I feel all of us don't give it the credit it deserves. Education as a social institution teaches us more behave in our culture.

Contact allergy to cinnamon case report Assignment

Contact allergy to cinnamon case report - Assignment Example nickel, palladium, gold and mercury used in dental amalgam may also cause contact stomatitis. Allergic contact stomatitis is classified as type IV hypersensitivity reaction and prone to people who have previously been sensitized to the allergen. Its reaction falls under â€Å"delayed hypersensitivity reaction† as it several hours or even a day for the antigen reaction to become evident. The allergic process occurs in two phases namely the induction phase and the effector phase. In the induction phase, the allergens which have infiltrated and bound themselves to epithelial protein thus forming complexes are phagocytised by macrophages, specialized cells. The cells then move to regional ganglia stimulating production of the memory T lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are responsible for keeping memory of the antigen so as to trigger a more rapid immune response in the event of subsequent occurrences of the antigen. The effector phase is characterised with the activation and production of T lymphocytes (CD4 cells) by the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 cells) produces in the fi rst phase. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes bind to the epithelial cells causing the death of cells that present the complexes. There are two basic reasons as to why this condition is not common despite high rates of exposure to the allergens: first, saliva ensures constant cleaning of the mucosa thus minimizing contact time with the allergen; and, second, the high degree of vascularisation of the mucosa increases the rate of antigen absorption, reducing further prolonged exposure to these substances. Contact stomatitis manifest in a number of symptoms which include tissular edema, erythema, cracking, ulcerative areas, hyperkeratosis, desquamation, and vesicles. They manifest in the area that is exposed to the causal agent and may be with or without pain. Its appearance is determined

Byetree procurement strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Byetree procurement strategy - Essay Example However, this changed and went beyond the old practices when the UK government became active in the promotion of sustainable development and combating climate change (AECOM, 2012). In addition, the highway customers/consumers have become discerning on the quality and quantity of MSA services. It is a great challenge for the Baytree Leisure Plc, which is the developer of a proposed MSA, to design and build the facilities in accordance with the existing Building and Environment Regulations of UK, and customers’ demands and expectations. Therefore, it is in this context that the Baytree Plc has determined the type of procurement method to be applied in order to mitigate the construction and engineering risks as well as to achieve total sustainability and environment-worthiness of the project. Key Procurement Issues for Baytree Leisure Plc Procurement process for Baytree in the development of Motorway Services Area (MSA) is covered by the UK standard with the goal for an efficient and streamlined approach. To meet and achieve satisfying result, the project will integrate all members/key people in the procurement chain which included the project owner, contractors, sub-contractors and the customers. A closer working experience between Baytree and its general contractor and specialty contractors may yield better results in consideration of the requirement of customers. Customers in this instance are the driving public not only in the area but also visitors. Their needs must be considered from the design process to the procurement in order to fully address time, cost, and quality constraints if any. These are described in detail on the next discussion. Key procurement issues for Baytree for the construction and development of MSA in consideration of the requirements include but not limited to the design of sustainable and environmentally sound MSA details, integration of this design to the various stages, identifying locally available materials suppliers as wel l as well as professionals and teamworkers, and identifying alternative sustainable and environmentally sound supplies, materials and equipment, efficient delivery and storage. Design Process The design process employs strategies and systems to meet the following: Energy and environmental performance standards Maintain a view of the whole project as a seamless whole within the context of the locality Understands that the project exists within the context of a natural ecosystem even in an urban setting Incorporation of interdisciplinary collaboration throughout the design and construction process Maximised performance through maintenance of air quality as natural as possible and increased use of natural or daylighting Integration of all important construction and project design decisions and strategies prior to programming phase Optimised design choices through use of simulations, models, and other design tools Employment of life-cycle cost analysis in purchasing and general decision -making System must be easy to maintain and operate Equipment and systems must assure continued optimum performance Maintain well-documented performance to meet design intentions Resource-efficient construction operations

Researching the Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Researching the Market - Assignment Example The product success depends on the correct identification of the target market and, so an awareness campaign was useful in letting consumers know that the product exists in the market. The product was sampled to various consumers and the feedback we collected from consumers was helpful in identifying the target market for the new product. This segmentation divides the market of the product into groups through the year depending on the occasions that the consumer chooses to embrace. On these occasions, the consumer will consume the product more than the other regular times and so production of the product will have to cater for these occasions. Consumers are bound to identify the various benefits of the new product depending on its features or characteristics and use it for those benefits. We therefore, have to take advantage of the benefits identified by the consumer. This means dividing the market into different geographical regions like cities, countries, population densities and the like. This will enable us have a larger market area and also be at a position to bust sales by catering for the individual consumer needs in the various geographical areas. According to (Reid and Bajanic, 2009) these are age, gender, level of income and the amount of education. The target market usually always has similar such characteristics like the same age group and the same level of Education. It is fundamental to know the demographics of the target market because by understanding the target market’s demographic we will be able to create a unique and compelling selling point and also be able to package and present the product in a manner that will entice the target market. The demographic for the target market is likely to be a group of both male and female who are between the ages of 25 to 40 years. The target market’s is also likely to have a college degree and earn approximately $25,000 to $35,000 per year. The target market for the novel product is most

Matthias Duwel`s painting Consumer Consumption Essay

Matthias Duwel`s painting Consumer Consumption - Essay Example It is evident from the study that Matthias Duwel, the author of the painting ‘Consumer Consumption’ has taken the opportunity of presenting his painting to discuss what the terms flux and stability mean to him with respect to his art and the environment around him. He states that flux is a constant state of dynamism where people keep moving from one place to another, whereas stability is a balanced state of mind which is rarely possible in the world we live in. Thus, flux is the reality that people are living within on a global scale. The painting helps to show how everything in the world is in a constant state of flux, and thus out of control. One may see a series of homes right in the centre of the painting, whirling out in a chaos of colours that overpower the residences. This helps to show how people are constantly moving in order to keep themselves happy; they take up material aspects of life thinking that such a constant switch from one thing to another will help t hem to retain their interest in living. People do not pay heed to their emotions anymore on a frequent basis and need to be reminded of a time when ambition and desire were lesser mortals in the face of life and adversity. With the growing desire for more and more, people have begun to destroy nature in order to feed their hunger for avarice and are not able to remember the simple things that life has to offer to them. Urban populace is growing day by day, wiping out all strands of the green and lush environment; as shown in the painting, all kinds of material objects are growing out of the few trees on the planet, which are subsequently decreasing in number and size. Moreover, the depiction of size of the homes and plants in comparison to the array and myriad of colours and objects may also be a reference to importance people give to these aspects rather than worrying about their ‘roots’. In this work of Matthias Duwel’s, the populist idea of a free, orderly and stable society has completely been deconstructed, giving way to individualism, free thinking as well as self determination. However at the same time, this constant state of flux is almost even more constantly obstructed by disasters that nature strikes upon man. For example, earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons and floods are all natural disasters that strike from time to time, a way of nature telling man that it is probably tired of the pressure that has been put on its resources. Nature cannot be taken for granted anymore, because otherwise the potential hazard of man becoming extinct will soon also become a reality. In conclusion, the fragmented landscape depicted in Duwel’s painting is a reminder for people to understand the concept of abundance. Strips of malls and other facilities are more common these days than looking at trees planted on a boulevard and thus, in order to stop this injustice, people need to stop and pay heed to these things that actually make up life rat her than succumbing to their callous ways. Thus, the focus of this art pieces has shifted from decaying urbanity to the growth and hubris that man survives within these days and calls ‘comfort’

Rewrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rewrite - Essay Example Customer satisfaction is seen as our companys top most priority. Our company responds and adapts quickly to customer requirements. Not only that, but our company goes beyond the expectation of defect and error reduction, merely meeting specifications, and minimizing customer complaints. Prestige International, Inc. works to constantly improve product and service attributes that meet basic requirements. This helps them to gain a competitive advantage. Ongoing improvement of all operations, activities and tasks is highly valued by Prestige International, Inc. Once it is realized that a product’s top quality is demanded by a customer, continuous development is immediately put into effect to assure the highest level of customer satisfaction. We also recognize that the quality of our product is a direct result of the process involved. As a result, there is a strong focus on continuous improvement of our companys processes. Improvement cycles are encouraged and maintained for all the companys activities like, product development and the proper management of customer relationships. Eliminating waste is another component of the continuous improvement approach. The customer-driven approach helps to prevent errors, decrease mistakes, and achieve defect-free production. Prestige International, Inc. adopted TQM as a code of life for the company. It was introduced and directed by top management where commitment, dedication and personal involvement has always been a top priority of theirs. This has efficiently helped in creating and deploying clear quality values and goals consistent with the objectives of the company while at the same time ensuring and deploying well-defined systems, methods and performance measures for achieving those goals. These systems and methods put in place actively guide all quality activities and encourage employee participation. Prestige International,

What Are the Results of the Effort of the Civil Rights Movement Essay

What Are the Results of the Effort of the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example The Southern Christian Leadership Conference started when the Montgomery Bus Boycott that began after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat on a bus to a white man. This incident lasted for more than a year and was pacified and ended by two prominent ministers during that time who were Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr. The black leaders led the Southern Christian Leadership Conference from the Southern Part of the United States. The Southern Leaders Leadership Conference fought for their rights and their philosophy to uphold the rights of the African Americans not with the use of force and strength but with the use of propaganda and other forms that ensures nonviolence. Since they initially started in protecting the rights of the Black people in America, they, later on, emerged to also be involved in protecting human rights on a global scope. These people such as Luther and Aberthany along with their followers have this sense of devotion to their country the territory of their state should be equivalent to the boundaries of the nation as well as with the fact that they are proud of their color and they are confident that they have the right to live together with the other Americans. The nationalist ideology has led people to divide people in terms of â€Å"us† and â€Å"we†. The individual has no choice which group he wants to support for there are instances that ethnicity or race becomes the basis for this division. As we all know, a race is a factor we have no control of. Nationalism has this characteristic of universality wherein it establishes the claims as to how the world should be logical or arranged.

Blackberry Smartphones and Other Competitors Term Paper

Blackberry Smartphones and Other Competitors - Term Paper Example Consumers are attracted to the features that a smartphone brand exhibits such as touch screen capability, music, fast internet speeds, camera and expansive storage. The opinions that consumers of smartphones provide reveal that there are psychographics that determine the smartphone they prefer such as its popularity among peers. It is therefore reflective that competitive advantage and improved market performance is achieved by mobile phone companies by providing features that meet the needs and preferences of consumers as well as effective marketing strategies. Introduction Advancement in information and communication technology has had a significant impact in the mobile industry. Developments in the mobile industry emanate from creativity, innovativeness and customer needs motivated design of phones (Parsons 2012). More notable is the introduction of the smartphone technologies and mobile applications. This has resulted from the changes in the preferences and needs of consumers. In return mobile companies have demonstrated increased competition which is driving the various strategies in marketing which are employed to achieve a competitive advantage within the market (Strategic Direction 2009). This paper presents an analytical report on the Blackberry smartphone versus Samsung, iPhone and HTC which comprise of its main competitors. ... Blackberry Smartphone versus Competitors When Blackberry was introduced to the market by the Research In Motion Ltd, many competitors sprouted within the smartphone market with an aim of grabbing a significant share of the mobile phone market (Shields 2010). Early brands of the Blackberry such as the 7000, 7100 and 8000 series attracted many consumers with a resultant advantageous positioning of these brands in the market (Woyke 2011). This is attributed to the customer value that was achieved by the innovativeness of the company and the provision of attractive features such as Wi-F, options for memory expansion and in-built cameras (Shepherd 2010). These brand elements as presented by the design of the blackberry is attributed to the strategic and better positioning of Blackberry within the market. More innovation was included within the Blackberry mobile as demonstrated by the mobile applications that are provided within its smartphone brands (Mobile Phones Industry Profile: Europe 2011). The mobile phone industry is characterized by rapid changes in the preferences and needs of consumers. This is attributed to the business competition that Blackberry received from other smartphone brands such as Samsung, iPhone and HTC Mobile (Boost Mobile 2012). The competitor companies provided more innovative features such as fast processing speeds, high megapixel cameras, full touch screen capabilities, android and thousands of mobile software applications for the diverse needs of the consumers (Segan and Jenn 2007). In this sense, the ability of Blackberry to maintain its position in the market would only be achieved through Customer Based Equity (CBE), brand advertising and marketing communication that was

Possibility of developing voice recognition system in an aircraft Research Paper

Possibility of developing voice recognition system in an aircraft - Research Paper Example But with an increase in air traffic, thanks to the continued technological innovation in the world today, new methods of communication in aircrafts have been devised in order to curb increased traffic along with the errors that occurred with voice radio and the need to incorporate even the disabled into the profession of piloting (Adams, 2009). Able Flight is a non-profit organization, which offers scholarships to people who have desire to training in the aviation industry. This organization works in conjunction with institutions that offers pilot training. Since it is non-profit, Able flight thrives on the generous donations of well wishers, corporate sponsorships and funding from the foundation. The IRS principles and policies are the ones that govern this organization. Its objective is, to help the handicapped and disabled to get the attitude and knowledge and ability to fly a plane. This is because the disabled need distinct solutions in aircrafts that will help them become pilot s just like others. An instance would be the use of voice recognition systems in aircraft. This would ensure that the hands of the pilot are not need in order to communicate with air traffic controllers. Important to note is that, the Able flight program does not only assist the disabled but also looks to help those who are normal and have a passion to fly planes along with the interest but then lack the ability. The main aim is to look into how able flight tries to help the disabled fly planes along with offering solutions to the difficulties that come by during flight training. In the end, this paper will look at the process of implementing voice recognition technology in a pilot's communication with air traffic controllers as argued by (Chen, 2006). Able flight helps disabled people to fly airplanes in several ways. This organization however does not offer flight training classes but teaches life lessons to the disabled, which helps them become good pilots and flight attendants. Able flight works with different schools of flying such as the Purdue University. This organization has been working with the said university for the past two years and two students have been taken to the university and taught to fly. Each of the two students has a disability which to date has been a hindrance to them become pilots or looking into the aviation industry. Regardless of this, with help from the scholarships from Able flight and the special aircrafts, the two have gotten light sport pilot certificates after a 5-week training period. Jacky (2008) argues that the most interesting part of the whole program is that, scholars can cover the whole package in a month while the flight scholars at Purdue take about six months to finish the course. Due to the density of the schedule at Purdue, the scholars and flight instructors take most of their time at the airport, in the classroom and in their specially modeled aircraft (Jacky, 2008). A partial day engross an early morning arr ival, 90 minutes of flying, debate, more flying and landings, lunchtime meals, even intense flying and ground institute lessons. Note that, all of these things take place at the Purdue University campus flight school, which does not mean that, Able Flight has no role that it plays. As far as those disabled scholars are concerned, Able Flight must participate or take part in ensuring that they obtain exactly what they went to acquire. The organizational program is developed in a way that, it has to follow up the students’

The audience can sympathise Essay Example for Free

The audience can sympathise Essay Arthur Miller wrote A View from the Bridge as a modern version of a Greek tragedy, therefore, Eddies death at the end of Act Two should be tragic. The audience have to feel pity, or pathos, towards Eddie when he dies to make the play a successful tragedy. According to 1.Aristotles definition of a tragic hero, the hero should be noble and of high status; he should have a flaw, or hamartia, which should lead to his tragic ending; his punishment should seem to be harsher than his crime; and he should realise that his flaw has led to his tragedy. By making his play a modern version of a Greek tragedy, Miller uses the character of Alfieri, his description of Eddie as a likeable and respected man and an extreme and violent death in the arms of his wife to make the audience sympathise with him and to make him a tragic hero. Throughout the play, Miller gives his audience many reasons to respect and admire Eddie. Although there is too much love (p. 48) for his niece, it is also obvious that he is very protective over Catherine and genuinely cares about her. Eddie and his wife have taken Catherine in and have given her a loving and caring home to live in. Also, Eddie seems popular within his community, is liked by Louis and Mike and is described by Alfieri as good a man as he had to be in a life that was hard and even. (p. 26) Eddie is respected both in the house, because he is head of the household, and in the community. This shows that he is actually a noble person, with high status in the Italian-American community. He is the only person in the family who works; he is the provider for the family. Miller shows how hardworking Eddie is because he has to earn a living for his whole family and despite the mistakes he makes, both Catherine and Beatrice love him until he dies at the end of the play. Many may feel sorry for Eddie even without the chorus, Alfieri, being there to lead the audience though the play. In the beginning of the play, when Beatrice tells Eddie, Shes got a job. (p. 18), Eddie seems shocked and says to Catherine Its not wonderfulYou cant take no job. Why didnt you ask me before you take a job? (p. 18). This quote shows the audience that Eddie disapproves of this and does not want his niece to leave him, even though Beatrice and Catherine had wanted Eddie to be happy about this. When Beatrice tells Eddie that Catherine will earn fifty dollars a week (p. 18), Eddie is taken aback and his jealousy of Catherine earning more than he does becomes more and more obvious throughout the conversation. Later on in the discussion, Eddie says I want you to be in a nice office. Maybe a lawyers office someplace in New York in one of them nice buildings. (p. 19). This contradicts what Alfieri says in his introduction to the play In this neighbourhood to meet a lawyer or a priest on the street is unlucky. Were only thought of in connexion with disasters, and theyd rather not get too close. (p. 11). Later on in the play, when Catherine fell in love with Eddie, Eddie gets even more envious and angry. In his conversation with Catherine, he says He [Rodolpho] marries you hes go the right to be an American citizenThe guy is lookin for his break, thats all hes lookin for. (p. 41). This shows how angry Eddie is at the fact that Catherine likes Rodolpho, and not him. Miller helps the audience sympathise with Eddie in this scene by making Catherine trust Rodolpho instead of Eddie. To a modern audience, there may be some features in Eddie that are hard not to dislike. His flaw involves love for a girl he has raised as if she was his own daughter, a terrible taboo. Also, Eddie is a parental figure who seems to expect women to do domestic work for him. Tragic heroes usually recognise their own mistakes. In Greek tragedies, this is the moment in a play when the tragic hero appreciates their own weakness and their own responsibility. However, throughout the play, Eddie does not admit to himself the truth about loving Catherine. Although Beatrice tries to make him face this truth by saying You want somethin else, Eddie and you can never have her (p. 83), Eddie seems truly shocked and grasps his head as though it would burst (p. 83). All throughout the play, Eddie never really seems capable of facing what he feels or admitting his responsibility. Even in the end of the play, Eddie says, Marco, tell them what a liar you are! (p. 84) To try and prevent the audience from making harsh judgements of Eddie, Miller uses Alfieri as a type of chorus in the play. In Greek tragedies, the chorus are observers who judge actions fairly. They help the audience to consider the elements of the play. As the chorus, Alfieri sympathises with Eddie, along with the audience. He expresses his feelings and thoughts to the audience about what happens throughout the play and provides judgement. In the play, Alfieri suggests that it is normal and human to sin. He also states that many people have hidden guilty secrets but there is something beautiful in a man whose sins are so public and so clear that he becomes wholly known (p. 85). Before Eddie calls the immigration department, Alfieri warns him that even those who understand will turn against you (p. 67), which shows that Eddies weakness is not special, but that other people still will judge him. Then, with Eddie dying on stage, Alfieri ends the play by saying, I confess that something perversely pure calls to me from his [Eddies] memoryfor he allowed himself to be wholly known and for that I think I will love him (p. 85) In other words, since we all have guilty secrets but manage to keep them hidden inside, there is something quite pure in a person whose guilty secrets are not unknown. An oxymoron Miller used, perversely pure (p. 85), shows that Alfieri wants us to think about our own weaknesses and not judge Eddie too harshly. Another common feature of Greek tragedy is that the death should seem predictable, and that it cannot be stopped. Miller uses Alfieri to suggest this to the audience, as if it is out of control of the character. Right from the beginning, Miller makes it obvious that Eddie would die in the end. Alfieri keeps giving clues to the audience about Eddie being destined to die, saying he felt powerless and watched it run its bloody course. (p. 12) Another quote from Alfieri is, I knew where he [Eddie] was heading for, I knew where he was going to end. (p. 50) These quotes make us feel more pity for Eddie because, even when he seems happy and loving, we still know he is heading towards a bloody (p. 12) end. Miller successfully makes Eddie a sympathetic character by making him fit the tragic hero he is supposed to be. The audience goes from admiring Eddie to getting to know his terrible guilty secret. Through the whole play we get the unescapable feeling that he is heading towards his bloody end and that it is his guilty secret that will cause it. Although for some modern theatre audiences, Eddie may seem to be an old-fashioned man and although he never really admits his own faults, Miller uses Alfieris character to make sure we can still feel the intended pity. I think this is Millers greatest achievement in this play, reminding us that we are all human, guilty in some ways, and that we should feel sorry for ourselves and Eddie for that.

Big Bazaar one of leading Indian retail chains

Big Bazaar one of leading Indian retail chains Executive Summary Big-Bazaar is one the leading retail chain in India. This retail chain is exemplary in terms of performance. Many other business leaders have entered in this retail business seeing the success of Big-Bazaar in India. It is considered epitome of operational and efficiency excellence in India. IT is one of the most successful ventures initiated by Kishore Biyani of Future Group. With the success of this retail chain, it has expanded its branches all over the India and now they are planning to venture into a foreign land. This is the study of Big-Bazaars marketing plan if it will plan to enter in United Arab Emirates. Through this study we are planning to have detailed study of Big-Bazaar future plan of entry in United Arab Emirates. This Study will check the Marketing Objective, Marketing plan, Financial Plan and resource acquisition plan of Big-Bazaar with its retail chain launch in United Arab Emirates. This study will study in detail about the profit generation, Retail chain operati onal planning and its profit generation analysis. Here, we will start from where we have left last time. We did cultural analysis and enabling factors for Big-Bazaar in last Phase I project. Now in phase II project we are going in detail about the study of marketing plan and promotion mix to attract customer and to establish its trademark operational efficiency in providing superior service at rock Bottom price. Here, in this study we will take the traditional approach of making the marketing plan of Big-Bazaar. We will proceed in the following manner. First we are going to study about the marketing objective, and then we will start with the Marketing plan. This will be followed by financial plan which will detail about the financial items like product costing and financial statements including income statements. We will discuss about the promotion mix and resource requirement for the retail chain operation. Marketing Plan Introduction Marketing Plan will check how to strategize the opening of Big-Bazaar retail chain in UAE. It will also check out the advertisement, Packaging and promotion plans for this new retail chain. The detailed study will work as the starting plan for the launch of product in UAE and it will then be made to change gradually with sale increase from the expectation to the aspired. It will change with course of time depending on the success and failure of the program. We are going to study about the marketing tactics in this section. Marketing Objective Target Market Citizens of United Arab Emirates will be the target market for Big-Bazaar. Presence of lot of expatriates will be boon for the company as they have the ready visibility for this brand. For Company the basic target group will be the shoppers who are willing to spend their money economically and those who the value of their money. Therefore our target customer will be the people who are married and who belong to the middle class family. Company will also be cashing on the presence of Indians there. (Retail Market in Middle East) Expected Sales Sales objectives define the amount of sales company want to have in very first year. Since company is totally new in the United Arab Emirates, we are planning to have a sale of around 234 million US $ or 734 Million of AED in the very first year with its operation in nearly 12 stores in 12 different areas. Profit Expectation Profit Expectation of Big-Bazaar will also be bit on lower side only. With the sale of total of 734 AED of grocery, Big Bazaar will be gaining overall profit of 23 million AED. This shows that we are expecting Big-Bazaar to be profitable in very first year only and we are expecting it to earn a big name through its operational efficiency. Promotion Mix Advertising Objective Main objective of advertisement is to make customers aware of the brand and make them take our brand image in the same way in which we want to communicate. Therefore here operational efficiency doesnt matter until and unless you really tell the customer that we are excellent in managing operation in the same way as Honda stresses the quality part of its product in its advertisements. Therefore here the objective will be to communicate shopper that it is the cheapest shopping point. Company will have to communicate the low price wit high quality of its brand. Company cannot play with brand name by tarnishing g its image with its cheapness. Company should communicate the proud of giving genuine product at such a low price. As always we need to first segment the population of United Arab Emirates in categories. Since here in United Arab Emirates per capita income is much more than India, therefore the cheap price will not be only factor that will attract consumers towards their product. Big-Bazaar should be showing the good shopping environment over and above the capability to sell it so cheap. After segmenting population we need to target the middle income segment population. After setting the target company needs to set its positioning to provide cheap and good quality products. (Westwood, 2006) Media Mix We are planning to have the media mix which can make big-Bazaar to approach every single people in United Arab Emirates. This should also make them aware of this new retail shop coming in their nearby market. Since it is future groups first company that will be launching its retail chain in UAE, it has to take care of the brand image of the Bi-Bazaar from getting tarnished by competitors. Since the retail chain will be starting on such a large scale in UAE it needs to do more and more advertisements in UAE starting from its launch only. Hence we will need following media-mix:  · Billboards  · Banners  · TV program  · Kiosks  · Magazines The method company can plan to make this promotion successful is to have it in various phases. Actually this is one of the most important criteria which company usually follows while entering into a new market. Message Big-Bazaar has the image of providing good quality of items at the rock bottom price. Its image is like everything under one roof. Therefore it has to communicate this image to the consumer showing happy family buying their groceries from a place where every family member got something of his/her choice. Company should communicate this image by stressing its image on tag line which it is going to use while conveying its brand image. Message can be similar to â€Å"Cheaper than this, doesnt exist!!!† Cost Advertisement Newspaper Advertisement $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Billboard $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 TV Advertisement $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Kiosk Advertisement $ 10,000.00 AED 36,720.00 Promotion $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Banners $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 Sales Promotion Objective The main objective of sales promotion is attracting more consumers in least possible time with a communication that you are offering more value per unit of money to your consumer. In the very first year, company should try making products as much cheaper as it can by bringing small packs or by giving more and more offs on its grocery. Free goodies can be one of the methods to attract more and more consumers towards it. Premiums Premium is generally used in a way in to associate the product with something of real use to customer. Big-Bazaar can use this age old technique by associating some free gifts on spending more than AED 1000 in the in any of the Big-Bazaar retail chain. Coupon Coupons will be some free coupon either of service or of entertainment. This really helps in shoppers incoming into the mall. Big-Bazaar can utilize this technique by attaching coupons with the bill in case the shopper buys more than a threshold limit of goods. Big-Bazaar can offer free movie coupons or next time buyings discount coupon. (Details of Big Bazaars Offer in Festive Seasons â€Å"Big Bazaar Maha Bachat Shopping Discount Independence Day Offer†) Cost Big-Bazaar always cash on low cost model therefore promotion will play a major role here. Company will have to cash in the opportunity of providing more and more goods with the promotional scheme as its very first year and this years performance will work as a make or break for the company. Therefore we have allotted $30000 for the promotional scheme only. Advertisement Newspaper Advertisement $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Billboard $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 TV Advertisement $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Kiosk Advertisement $ 10,000.00 AED 36,720.00 Promotion $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Banners $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 Personal Selling Big-Bazaar is a retail chain. It will not need to sell its product personally but it should have the facility of home-Delivery so that the groceries of higher cost should be delivered safely to consumers home without any damage to create superior experience for consumers. Other Promotional Method No other promotional method should be taken by the company as it is its very first year of operation. It should take traditional method of operation. Distribution from Origin to Destination Mode of Distribution Big-Bazaar will be having products which are of all kinds. It should have its warehouse too in order have extra storage facilities. This warehouse should be optimally located and should be in vicinity to all the 12 stores which are there in the United Arab Emirates. In the very first year of operation company can afford to have two storehouses. There will be staffs working in them and company will be needing one big-bazaar van to commute from store house to store in order to have low empty shelf space time. (Luther, 2011) Packaging Marking and Labeling Regulations Until and unless Big-Bazaar is not launching its own brand product like it sells KOREO in India, it doesnt need to worry about labeling as its general business to sell other brands product at a cheaper price. Containerization Company doesnt need to care for this packaging issue apart from putting RFID on all the products for easy tracking of their availability and presence. The reason is that it will be different brands who are selling under Big-Bazaars brand name that will have to take care of containerization problem. Costs Since packaging is an issue for the brands which are going to sell under the tag of Big-Bazaar here therefore packaging will not be problem for Big-Bazaar. Price Determination Transportation Cost Transportation cost is always there whenever one opens a retail chain. Here the major transportation cost will be there in the movement of goods from warehouse to main retail shops. The transportation should be there in Big-Bazaars own dedicated vehicle. All the transportation cost is there included in Distribution Cost only. The $10000 amount is allotted to it. Handling Expenses Handling expense for product will be borne by company and is included in miscellaneous expense of $4000. (Dubais rental information â€Å"Commercial To Let In Dubai, Properties In Dubai† ) Whole and Retail Mark Up and Discounts Product Cost Percentage of Total Expense Saleable Grocery Cost $ 200,000,000.00 AED 734,400,000.00 Big Bazaars Average margin on Cost 10% $ 20,000,000.00 AED 73,440,000.00 Total revenue $ 220,000,000.00 AED 807,840,000.00 Selling Expense $ 750,000.00 AED 2,754,000.00 72.3% Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 9.6% Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976.00 17.6% Misc Expense $ 4,000.00 AED 14,688.00 0.4% Total Expense $ 1,037,000.00 AED 3,807,864.00 Pro-formal financial Statement and Budget Introduction This section will check the financial associated with the marketing and operation plan of opening of Big-Bazaar Retail. Marketing Budget Advertisement/Promotion Expense Advertisement Newspaper Advertisement $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Billboard $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 TV Advertisement $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Kiosk Advertisement $ 10,000.00 AED 36,720.00 Promotion $ 30,000.00 AED 110,160.00 Banners $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 Distribution Expense Distribution Cost(per annum) Store Payroll $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Store Management $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Rent(@ 2 Warehouse 1000 sq.ft.) $ 85,000.00 AED 312,120.00 Transportation $ 10,000.00 Utilities $ 20,000.00 AED 73,440.00 Depreciation $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Repair $ 5,000.00 AED 18,360.00 Maintenance $ 18,000.00 AED 66,096.00 Total Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976.00 Product Cost Product Cost Percentage of Total Expense Saleable Grocery Cost $ 200,000,000.00 AED 734,400,000.00 Big Bazaars Average margin on Cost 10% $ 20,000,000.00 AED 73,440,000.00 Total revenue $ 220,000,000.00 AED 807,840,000.00 Selling Expense $ 750,000.00 AED 2,754,000.00 72.3% Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200.00 9.6% Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976.00 17.6% Misc Expense $ 4,000.00 AED 14,688.00 0.4% Total Expense $ 1,037,000.00 AED 3,807,864.00 Other Cost Misc Expense $ 4,000.00 Pro forma annual profit and loss statement (Profit year) Profit And Loss Statement AED Income Revenue $ 220,000,000.00 AED 807,840,000 Expense Cost of Goods Sold 200,000,000.00 AED 734,400,000 Selling Expense $ 750,000.00 AED 2,754,000 Advertising Expense $ 100,000.00 AED 367,200 Distribution Expense $ 183,000.00 AED 671,976 Misc Expense $ 4,000.00 AED 14,688 Total Expense 201,037,000.00 AED 738,207,864 EBIT $ 18,963,000.00 AED 69,632,136 Interest $ 10,571,890.00 AED 38,819,980 EBT $ 8,391,110.00 AED 30,812,156 Tax @ 20% $ 1,678,222.00 AED 6,162,431 Net Income $ 6,712,888.00 AED 24,649,725 Resource Requirements Introduction In this section we will discuss about the Resource requirement. Here we will analyze about how company is planning to expand and what all it will require while expanding in this way. We are going step by step. First we are going to analyze the finances, Personnel and later we will discuss capacity or Scale in which Big-Bazaar should be operating. Finances Companies usually get their finances from two tools Debt or Equity. Debt is the fixed amount taken by company at fixed interest rates. This amount has its maturity associated with and it and after a certain interval of time company has to return. Equity is the money which company usually plans to have through dilution of its ownership. We taking all factors in account thinking about having a PE firm getting associated in financing just by having stake in our firms ownership. We suggests that company should have a debt to Equity ratio of 6:5 in long term and therefore company should invest 45% through its equity and should ask for remaining 55 % as debt from their local banks. Personnel Any firm whenever it starts its business usually needs Personnel to make the ideas take shape. Even the Big-Bazaar will need personnel for its operational requirements. Big-Bazaar will majorly look for following: HR personnel for Customer Care Department Sales Personnel Labors Managers Marketing Personnel Accounting Personnel Operation Personnel Distributor personnel Depending on the scale which we are launching, Companys estimate of personnel for its first year of operation will be as below Marketing 60 Sales 600 Accounting 18 Human Resource 12 Information Technology 5 Operations (including distribution and packaging) 1200 Scale Production capacity should be planned as per companys aim of expanding in future. As per seeing Nestlà ©s trend of expansion plan in other countries, we can assume following as companys capacity requirement in future. Year I 12 Shops Year II 15 Shops Year III 18 shops Year IV 22 Shops Year V 25 Shops Nestle should have production capacity accordingly. Conclusion As we can see from the analysis, Big-Bazaar operation in United Arab Emirates will be profitable only. In the very first year of its operation, The Company can aim to gain a profit of AED 24.6 Million. Companys big brand name and operational expertise can work wonders for the company for its UAE operation. Therefore the verdict is that company should go ahead with its Emirates plan as it seems profitable from the analysis we have made till now.

Advantages And Limitations Of Topical Negative Pressure Therapy

Advantages And Limitations Of Topical Negative Pressure Therapy Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a new method used for improving wound healing. It influences granulation formation, bacterial colonization, and increasing wound blood flow. Although this method has been used explosively for wound healing, its influences are not cleared enough. So the main aim of this review article is to weight up the benefits and problems associated with this method. Method: An electronic search was done via Pubmed, Embase and ISI web of knowledge data from 1960 to 2010. The abstracts and titles of each paper were analysed and selected according to especial parameters. Result: The results of the relevant literature were characterized based on the benefits and problems associated with use of this method. Discussion: Direct comparison of NPWT with other available method is difficult. Although there are some research to support the effectiveness of using this new method on wound healing, more controlled clinical trials are needed to defiantly prove that the NPWT is less expensive and more effective wound care modality. A wound is defined as a break in the skin which is usually caused by cuts or scraps. The selection of the treatment methods depends upon the severity of the wounds (how serious they are). Healing is a response of the injury that sets into motion a sequence of events. There are classically four stages associated with wound healing which include: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling (Hart, 2002, Stephens and Thomas, 2002, OKane, 2002). Many factors can interact with one or more phases of wound healing process which can facilitate or decrease its rate, such as local and systematic factors. Local factors are those which directly influence characteristics of wound itself, while systematic factors consists of those which related to state of individuals and their abilities regarding wound healing. Some systematic factors include infection, age and sex hormones, stress, diabetic, obesity, medication, alcoholism, smoking and nutrition and using some treatment method such a s Topical wound healing (Guo and DiPietro, 2010, Ranzato, 2009, Urschel et al, 1988, Argenta and Morykwas, 1997, Kirby, 2007). The effects of some factors such as oxygenation, infection, age, stress, medication, obesity, nutrition are well described in the literature and were investigated by many researchers(Guo and DiPietro, 2010, Shepherd et al, 2006, Lioupis, 2005). However, using some parameters such as topical negative pressure therapy (TNPT) is new method for wound healing (Miryam et al, 1999, Kirby, 2007). Pressure is one important parameter which can influence wound healing. In one side, it can decrease the speed of healing as produce skin ulcers in some patients suffering from stroke and spinal cord injury and those who need to be in bed for a long time. In other side, it can be used to facilitate the wound healing process, especially in chronic wound (Miryam et al, 1999, Argenta and Morykwas, 1997, Evans and Land, 2001). In contrast to other available methods, this procedure is a little bit new so the main aim of this review article was to review the relevant literature regarding TNPT and its influ ences on wound healing. Moreover, it was aimed to show the positive and the side effects of using this method. Method: An electronic search was done via the Pubmed, Embase and ISI web of knowledge data from 1960 to 2010. The abstracts and titles of each individual study were assessed by author. A first selection of relevant literature article was done based on weather the title and abstract addressed the research question of interest. Figure 1 shows the stages which were selected in this review process. The second selection of the articles was done according to the following criteria: experiment practice published in English addressing using this method on wound healing Figure 1: The stages which were selected in this research study The results of the various research studies were characterized based on mechanism of action, the instrument used and the benefits and problems associated with the use of this method. Result: Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is also known as Tropic Negative Pressure (TNP) used as a non pharmacological treatment for chronic and actuate wounds, such as pressure ulcers, diabetic wounds, abdominal and trauma wounds (Argenta and Morykwas, 1997, Evans and Land, 2001, Kirby, 2007, Miryam et al, 1999). What is NPWT? This method of treatment based on this idea to turn the open wound into a close one. Moreover, it is possible to remove the excess fluid from the wound. Although, this method has been used exclusively in UK since 1995, the idea behind this method is not new. For nearly more than 50 years suction drainage has been used. It has been reported that continues suction, negative pressure drainage serve as an excellent atmospheric bandage in subcutaneous surgical procedure and help to increase the speed of wound healing. The concept was based on mechanics of physics. The application of controlled subatomospheric pressure causes mechanical stress to the tissues. The new vessels are constructed with in the tissue and the wound is drawn closed. It should be noted that the degree of pressure to the wound tissue is small, but when all areas of the wound work togheter in an efford to close toward the centre point, the effects of negative pressure become impressive and results in quicker healing an d resolution. This system consists of non adherent, porous wound dressing (polyurethane foam or gauze dress) and a drainage system which are attached to each others by use of a transparent film. The foam is connected to a VAC vacuum pump through an evacuation tube. The suction guarantee a continues vacuum in the polyurethane foam producing a high contact zone in wound foam interface. It is required to change the foam every 2 days. The system is commercially available in UK since 1995 and has been used significantly for wound healing. Figure 2 shows various components of this system. Figure 2: The NPWT system used for improving wound healing ( adapted from (Miryam et al, 1999) with permission NPWT has three forms which differ based on the type of dress used, such as Bio Dome, gauze and foam. The polyurethane foam was used first by Morkey and Argenta in 1997. It has been reported that the foam can be easily cut according to the wound size, especially those which has a regular contour and used when better granulation formation and wound contraction is a desirable goals. However, gauze can be used for sensitive and irregular wounds. The type of selected foam is based on the type of wound as is mentioned in table 1. The foam is placed into the defect and the area is covered with adhesive drape. The suction generate a continues vacuum in the foam, producing a high contact zone in wound foam interface so a vacuum seal is achieved. It should be mentioned that the negative pressure applied on the wound is 125 mm HG below ambient that is transmitted to the wound in a controlled manner. The selected pressure in this system is based on especial guidelines as shown in table 2. Wound Description Poly- urethane (black foam) Polyvinyl- alcohol (soft foam) Both Either Deep, acute wounds with moderate granulation tissue growth X X Deep wounds with extremely rapid growth in granulation tissue Deep pressure ulcers X Superficial wounds X Postgraft therapy X Fresh grafts X Compromised flaps X Tunneling/sinus tracts/undermining X Diabetic ulcers X Dry wounds X X Deep trauma wounds X Superficial trauma wounds Table 1: The types of the foam used in NPWT system Wound Type Target Pressure Poly-urethane Target Pressure Polyvinyl- alcohol Acute/traumatic wound 125 mm Hg 125-175 mm Hg Surgical wound dehiscence 125 mm Hg 125-175 mm Hg Meshed graft 75-125 mm Hg 125 mm Hg Pressure ulcer 125 mm Hg 125-175 mm Hg Chronic ulcer (diabetic/arterial vascular) 50-75 mm Hg 125-175 mm Hg Fresh flap 125 mm Hg 125-175 mm Hg Compromised flap 125 mm Hg 125-175 mm Hg Table 2: The selected negative pressure used in NPWT based on the type of foam used Evidences regarding NPWT: There are some evidences regarding the positive effects of using NPWT on wound healing. The main advantages of this treatment method include: provision of moist wound healing environment removal of the fluids and infection material which help the wound to heal speedy assisted profusion decreased bacterial colonisation enhance formation of granulation tissue rapid cell division increased blood flow increased number of active fibroblasts and macrophages enhance epidermal cell formation decreased harmful chronic wound fluid reduced the number of dressing changes and decrease damage to underlined tissue provision of mechanical approximation of wound edges promotion of viscoelastic flow due to tissue stretch limitation of zone of injury after orthopaedic trauma splinting effect Indication and contraindication of using NPWT: The foot and drug administration (FDA) approved this method for treatment of non healing wounds. Then it has been extended to include chronic, acute, and traumatic and sub acute wounds, flaps and grafts. In the United State of America the following contraindications have been considered in this regard: wound with necrotic tissue untreated osteomyelities fistulas to organs or body cavities placement directly over exposed veins and arteries malignancy within wound What are the problems associated with NPWT: The following problems have been mentioned in the literature regarding NPWT: patients may experience discomfort or pain when the foam dressing is changed topical skin problem may arise during use overgrowth of geast or Candida infection skin stripping and sub epidermal granulation foam removal frequently results in trauma to wound in the form of minor capillary and granulation tissue disruption achieving and maintaining a vacuum seal can be difficult at times staff must be well trained and educated Discussion: There are over 325 publications on NPWT wound healing method, including 15 randomized clinical trials. However, it can not be concluded strongly that the system results in faster wound healing than other conventional methods or provides cost effective despite much greater material cost. It has been reported that using this method enhances bacterial clearance which improves the speed of wound healing. When microorganisms enter to wound, consume the nutrition and oxygen which otherwise directed toward tissue repair. When the amount of wound infection decreases (reducing bacterial loads) the healing capacity improves (the blood used for wound repairing). However, in the research undertaking by.. on 25 patients reviewed respectively, it was found that using this method dose not have any effects on bacterial clearance. Moreover, bacterial colonization increases significantly with this therapy and remains in the range of. Improvement in Granulation tissue formation was another advantage mentioned in using this method for wound healing. Granulation is a small blood useless and connective tissue in the base of the wound. A well granulation wound provides an optimal bed for epidermal migration and for skin grafts as a newly formed capillary incorporate the transplanted skin. Studies have shown that granulation tissue formation is enhanced by negative pressure by virtue of interstitial fluid resolution and resulting increase in circulation. In the research done by .. on 162 patients it was shown that NPWT improves the proportion and rate of wound healing after partial foot amputation in patients with diabetics. Nearly 56% of the patients using this method achieved a comparable closure during 16 weeks assessments compared with 39% in control group. In the other research done by Blume et al (2008) the safety and clinical efficiency of this new method was compared with Advanced Moist Wound Therapy (AMWT) to treat foot ulcers in diabetic patients on 342 patients. It was found that a greater proportion of foot ulcers achieved by this method in contrast to other method (43.2% compared to 28.9%). The time of therapy was the other considered parameter in this research. The time of therapy was a little bit less in this method. Regarding the safety of the two methods there was no significant difference. Morie et al carried out a literature review based research regarding the effectiveness of this method. They mentioned that although many controlled and non randomized studies describing the effectiveness of this new method, few prospective randomized control trials have been published. They claimed that the researches in this field have lots of problems such as: small sample size, variable outcome measure across studies, significant methodological problems. So it is not possible to have a strong conclusion regarding the effects of this method in contrast to other methods. They suggest that other research must be done regarding the effect of this method on healing, cost of care, patient pain and quality of life in contrast to other methods. Gregor et al have undertaken another literature review regarding the effect of using this method. They also concluded that although there seems to be some evidences regarding the effects of this method on wound healing outcome as a main outcome, they are insufficient to clearly prove an additional clinical benefit of this method. Cost consideration: wound care is an expensive endeavour. The range of pressure ulcers which is one of the main complication of being in bed for a long time is between 2000 and 70,000 per wound. NPWT decreases the cost regarding wound healing through a decrease in the number of dressing changes required. Moreover, the supervisory role of the trained nurses would be decrease to perform dressing change. According to the results of a research the long term cost of NPWT was lower and output was better when compared with standard wound care method. In another research study it was shown that the cost of wound healing was decreased by 38% in contrast to other method, as the healing occur by 61% faster than using gauze dressing method. Conclusion: The review of the relevant literature stated that the available evidences can not be used to determine a significant therapeutic distinction of NPWT method in contrast to other methods. There are over 325 publications on this method however only 15 randomized clinical trials compare the new method with other available methods. It is concluded that the available research studies can not support the effectiveness of this method on wound healing. It should be mentioned that direct comparison of NPWT to a particular type of dressing would be difficult as it is unlikely that a single dressing type would be appropriate through out entire healing process. As there is not enough research which directly focus on the effects of this method on wound healing, and safety according to wound type, the author of this article represent a need for a large high quality randomized studies. Moreover, it is recommended to evaluate the effects of this method based on the used components.

Don’t Get Burned Out Essay -- essays research papers

Don’t Get Burned   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Burnout. It happens to everyone, everywhere, everyday. Athletes -young, old, professional, amateur, male and female- all experience burnout in different forms and degrees. Burnout is defined as the physical, emotional, and psychological reaction to intense pressure to fulfill obligations, whether they be sports or otherwise. Simply put, people get tired and worn out because they often take on the responsibility of doing too much. Burnout is most common among professional and Olympic athletes that train hard and work hard for long periods of time. However, others can also experience burnout in athletics. Burnout leads to reduced interest in the sport, quality of performance, and then withdrawal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burnout is often associated with overtraining, overreaching, and staleness. Overtraining is the point where training is no longer beneficial but harmful. Overreaching is similar to overtraining however the length of time makes the difference. Overreaching for long periods of time leads to overtraining. Staleness is the effect of reaching a performance plateau. Together with overtraining, staleness eventually leads to athlete burnout. In sports psychology, several models exist to help explain, prevent, and treat burnout in athletes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stress models of burnout point to stress as the key factor in burnout. Silva’s training stress model is based on the notion that some training s...

The Importance of Adequate Carbohydrate Consumption Essay -- Health Nu

The Importance of Adequate Carbohydrate Consumption Severely restricting carbohydrates is not healthy and offers little advantages in terms of fat loss. Consumers of low carbohydrate products are often deceived into believing all low carbohydrate products are better for their health. However, usually when a product claims to have a low amount of carbohydrates, it fails to mention the increase of fats and proteins the product gains to compensate for the lost carbohydrates. In reality low carbohydrate diets increase health risks and give dieters false hopes. Carbohydrates are significant in supplying energy to the body’s needs. Through plenty of carbohydrates, especially for active people and athletes, the body is able to use its’ adequate amounts of energy efficiently. The brain and body prefer to use glucose, a product of the digestion of carbohydrates, as an energy source. Therefore, the severe reduction of carbohydrates has many negative effects on the body. By eating only protein and fats the body will go into starvation mode. In the absence of a sufficient amount of carbohydrates the body is forced to use stored blood sugar from the liver and muscles. This process results in an initial protein tissue loss and urinary loss of electrolytes. Protein tissues, muscles, are mostly composed of water; consequently, the elimination of carbohydrates in the body causes the body to start to undergo a process known as ketosis. With this large amount of water loss, it appears that the body is rapidly losing an abundant amount of weight. Although appealing to the dieter, this rapid weight loss from decreased carbohydrates can pose a variety of health risks. Because of the decreased amount of carbohydrate... ...nd after intense physical activity, the body is able to maintain a balanced level of carbohydrate sources and perform better. The strict limitation of carbohydrates in a diet may appear to give the desired result of weight loss, but actually brings many health risks. Instead, carbohydrates help to reduce health risks, and also provide your body with key sources of energy. Not only are carbohydrates the main source of energy for the body, but they also create fiber which helps the body’s organs to function properly. The consumption of carbohydrates is important for normal functions of the body, but especially for the performance of an athlete. In order for maximum athletic performance, a large amount of carbohydrates must be consumed throughout the period of a workout. Overall the right amount of carbohydrates and exercise are necessary for a healthy diet.

No Heros in The Red Badge of Courage and A Farewell to Arms Essay

No Heros in The Red Badge of Courage and A Farewell to Arms      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many great literary novels have the protagonist, the main character of the novel, being portrayed as the "hero".   There are many different deeds and actions that can characterize a person as a hero such as saving someone from a burning house at the risk of one's own life.   The main distinguishing characteristic of a true hero is self-sacrifice, whether it be scarifice of your own personal desires or ideals or sacrifice of physical well being to help others.   There are a few novels in which the main character of the work does not exemplify the deeds and thought of a true hero.   Two such works include Stephen Cranes' The Red Badge of Courage and Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both The Red Badge of Courage and A Farewell to Arms have war as the background of the story.   War is the perfect setting in which one can be tested to see if he or she is a hero.   This idea is the major framework of The Red Badge of Courage, in which Henry Fleming aspires to be a man, a "hero" in the eyes of the masses by enlisting in the army.   Henry's goal of returning a man from war has already marred his image of being a potential hero because his thoughts are about himself and not about the welfare of others.   Also, the fact that he wants to impress people and appear heroic is a selfish aspiration.   Heroes act not to impress others but to help them.   Usually the actions of a hero are impulsive and not premeditated because the hero does what he/she believes is right and what their heart tells them is right and not what others judge is right.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Re... ...ern Critical Interpretations:   Stephan Crane's The Red Badge of Courage.   New Yourk:   Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Cody, Edwin H. Stephen Crane.   Revised Edition.   Boston:   Twayne Publishers, 1980. Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage.   Logan, IA:   Perfection Learning Corporation, 1979. Fielder, Leslie A. Understanding the American Novel. New York: Stein and Day, 1975. Gibson, Donald B. The Red Badge of Courage:   Redefining the Hero.   Boston:   Twayne Publishers, 1988. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929. Weeks, Robert. Hemingway: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1962. Wolford, Chester L.   "Stephen Crane."   Critical Survey of Long Fiction.   Ed. Frank N. Magill.   English Language Series.   Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Salem Press, 1991.      

Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Possible Measures Essay

Global warming is the term used to describe some of the drastic changes that are taking place in the earth’s climatic conditions. Over the recent years, the term global warming has been the subject of much debate and different people have come up with different views regarding this subject. While many people continue to hold to the view that global warming is a natural phenomenon that cannot be prevented, others are of the opinion that natural as well as man-made factors have accelerated a natural phenomenon to the extent that it has become an international problem, and a threat to human existence. Without global warming, the earth would naturally be a cold uninhabitable place. Through a process that is referred to as the green-house effect, atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons have been responsible for trapping the heat radiated from the earth’s surface and subsequently warming the earth. It is through this natural phenomenon that the earth’s average temperatures have been maintained at around 60? Fahrenheit. However, atmospheric temperatures have been rising above the naturally expected rates, and scientists as well as environmentalists have raised concern over these changing climatic conditions, and the effects they will have on human existence. Rising atmospheric temperatures have been attributed to both natural and man-made factors and various suggestions have been raised that hold possible solutions to global warming and its effects on the earth (Peach 2-3). 2. Causes and Effects of Global Warming One of the major causes of global warming is the greenhouse effect. Although the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon without which the world would be uninhabitable, there has been a high increase of heat trapping gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap more heat while less of it is radiated back into the outer space, subsequently resulting in global warming. The atmosphere is a combination of many gases which not only enable the sun’s rays to reach the earth’s surface, but also prevent the heat energy that is reradiated by the earth’s surface from escaping back into the atmosphere. Atmospheric gases deflect and scatter about 30% of the sunlight that hits the earth back into space. Through infrared radiation, the rest of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere in the form of slow-moving energy and is absorbed by atmospheric gases which subsequently slow down its escape from the atmosphere. This absorption of energy by atmospheric gases creates a warm-air blanket around the earth; without which this planet would probably be one massive glacier and would not be able to sustain any life (Gonzalez and Sherer 374; Flannery 1-4). Increased human activities such as agriculture, oil production, industry and mining have resulted in an equally increased level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Fossil fuel production and use has especially led to increased carbon dioxide emission and apparently, to 50 % of all human-induced global warming. Since the industrial Revolution, burning of fossil fuels and the use of chlorofluorocarbons and nitrogen fertilizers has led to increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, agricultural production improved, population grew and urbanization expanded extensively to cater for the urban working masses. All these processes have resulted in massive clearing of forests and other vegetation cover as land is cleared for more food production, for settlement and for mining. Trees naturally help to retain most of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere and with the increased loss of trees, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have increased and this has led to global warming. Solar activity and volcanic emissions have also contributed to global warming. Scientists argue that the sun has gradually been increasing in strength and since it is the main source of energy, the earth’s atmosphere absorbs approximately 70% of the solar flux. It is the solar flux that has led to increased temperatures not only in the earth’s atmosphere but also in its land and oceans. As climatic and temperature changes occur on the surface of the earth, the sun continues to emit more radiant energy (Peach 3-4, 19-27, 55; Flannery78-79). Global warming adversely affects life on the face of the earth. Various scientists have blamed global warming for rapid changes in weather patterns around the globe and subsequent severe and long draughts in several parts of the world. Spells of dry weather have also been blamed for the catastrophic wild fires that have frequently razed through vast tracts of inhabited land in California, U. S. A as well as for the heat waves that swept through Europe during the summer of 2003 and caused the death of about 35,000 people. Scientists have also suggested that rising atmospheric temperatures could be the cause of severe storms, tornadoes and hurricanes such as those experienced in southeastern U. S. A and other parts of the world (Flannery 132-141). Excessive heat transferred back to the atmosphere causes strong winds and also fuels the storms. Rising atmospheric temperatures have also been blamed for the massive melting of glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica as well as most mountain tops of the world. As these glaciers retreat, the melted ice in turn flows down into the seas and has attributed for rising ocean levels. According to experts, the sea level is expected to rise by about 30 cm by the year 2100 and may cause flooding or even disappearance of coastal towns. About two thirds of the world’s major cities have been built along coastlines and their existence as well as that of their future developments will continue to rest upon the effects of global warming (Valsson 17-25; Peach 38-39). While it is common to conceptualize the impacts of such scenarios and effects upon humans, there is definitely truth in claiming that the detrimental effects of global warming affect all life on the planet. To further explain, a vast number of creatures or organisms throughout the world. In general, encompassing changes to the temperature of the Earth would mean that creatures would have another concern to tackle in order to maintain survival. Specifically, both flora and fauna which currently reside in a given location, live optimally at the particular climate present at the aforesaid region; changes in temperature may result in the proliferation of illnesses and even extinction (Craighead 123). In contrast, some creatures might further proliferate in the presence of global warming. The growth of squids for example have been known to be enhanced by the increasingly warmer oceans which resulting in a considerable increase in its number throughout the seas (AtKisson 44). While this may seem beneficial, it is important to emphasize that ecological balance would potentially be compromised by such effects of global warming. Furthermore, while migration to other areas would have been the expected course of action for animals and even plants to survive the region altering effects of global warming it is now virtually impossible to accomplish as human activities and settlements have considerably spread (Schneider and Root 3). Before dismissing the abovementioned effects of global warming as secondary to its implications upon humans, it is essential to point out that human survival heavily relies on the riches of nature. 3. Possible Solutions to Global Warming Processes such as increased agricultural production, industrialization and urbanization have contributed to massive loss of the world’s vegetation cover and subsequent global warming; but are quite difficult to control or reverse. But global warming can be controlled through responsible environmental management procedures. Re-forestation probably remains the most practical and perhaps most effective measure of reducing the effects of a warmer earth. Through reforestation, the atmospheric cycle will be maintained at close to normal levels and in such way, atmospheric temperatures will be reduced; in relation to this, the rate at which forested land is being converted to other land use activities should also be continuously checked. Public transport should be encouraged especially when traveling for short distances because this helps to put a check on the burning of so much fossil fuel. Complete rehabilitation of destroyed environment takes hundreds of years; and preserving the existing forest cover through sustainable development becomes very crucial towards preserving the temperate and tropical forests that face destruction every year. It is also advisable to educate the masses on the advantages of using electric appliances that use less heat as well as the use of energy-saving bulbs (Peach 45-55). Aside from creating positive changes in the manner of energy production, resource management, and daily living, means to limit and eventually eliminate the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere should also be highlighted. Considering the state of technology and manufacturing today, it would be appropriate to assume that immediately eliminating all the industrial processes which create greenhouse gases is an impossible feat. However, there are ways to gradually make corporations and firms worldwide to reconsider more environmental methods of production and energy usage. One of the most promising of which is the implementation of a strict, and possibly internationally applied, carbon tax. To explain, as carbon is considered to be one of the most common greenhouse gases derived from industrial endeavors due to the use of fossil fuels, a taxation system which results in greater expenses for heavy users of fossil fuel would supposedly result in transitions to the use of clean energy (McKinney and Schoch 434). Subsequently similar policies, either worldwide or specific to a country, should be drawn that advocate more dependence on renewable energy such as solar, wind and geo-thermal and less dependence on fossil fuel. While global warming may be partly addressed through lifestyle changes which are depended upon personal choice as discussed beforehand, it is undeniably that the actions of governments or world leaders are essential if the world would indeed survive and resolve the issues brought forth by global warming; such leaders and politicians hold the key to actualizing the needed transitions in society. 4. Conclusion Global warming and the potential effect it has on the environment and global human societies are still difficult to put on scale because of the uncertainties that accompany the scope of the problem; despite such, it is irrefutable that the detrimental effects of global warming upon human lives, as well as both flora and fauna, have become an evident proof of the presence of the concern. As industrialization advanced greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere on a very large scale and global temperatures have been on the increase. But there is increased international attention directed towards reduction of these gases from man-made sources; as well as drawing of policies towards the best methods of adapting to the possible impacts that global climatic change will bring along. A long-term solution will however require the global cooperation since global warming has been the result of greenhouse emissions from all countries of the world. Since emitted gases continue to have their effect, more emission should be controlled. Both short-term and long-term policies should be put into consideration (Peach 44-45, 57). Therefore, in order for humanity to resolve the issue of global warming and ensure that life on Earth would ensue in its rightful manner, continuous vigilance of the changes in the environment as well as superb planning and problem solving skills are all of great importance, but not as essential as establishing global awareness and unity. Works Cited AtKisson, Alan. The ISIS Agreement: How Sustainability Can Improve Organizational Performance and Transform the World. Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publishing, 2008. Craighead, Lance. Bears of the World. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press – MBI Publishing Company, 2000. Flannery, Tim F. The Weather Makers: How Man is Changing the Climate and What it Means for Life on Earth. New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006. Gonzalez, Joseph and Thomas E Sherer. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Geography. Phoenix, AZ: Alpha Books, 2004. McKinney, Michael L. and Robert M. Schoch. Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. 3rd Edition. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003. Peach, Dexter J. Global warming: Emission Reductions Possible As Scientific Uncertainties Are Resolved. Darby. PA: DIANE Publishing, 2005. Schneider, Stephen H. and Terry L. Root. Wildlife Responses to Climate Change: North American Case Studies. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002. Valsson, Trausti. How the World will Change with Global Warming. Reykjavik, Iceland: University of Iceland Press, 2006.

Christianity and Indigenous Communities Essay

?The question near Christianity and its full acceptance into autochthonal communities continues to loiter on a fine disembowel of whether autochthonal communities came to a consensus of compromising with the unused trust or simply eradicating it by refusing to leave behind their traditional slipway of be dwellving and creating unearthly consciousness.Some scholars such as, Kevin Terraciano, in his chapter, The People of Two wagon and the One divinity fudge from Castile, argue that Christianity was non all rejected by acts of go along Indigenous sacred practices, scarce as well mocked because it was thought to be a lie and inferior to the Indigenous people in Yanhuitlan and Coatlan this new religion did non approve with theirs .On the other hand, in her book, record of A Mexican Crucifx, Jennifer Hughes comes to conclude that Indigenous communities accepted Christianity through their own modes of beholding parallel paradigms of their life with the life of phanta smal count ons such as the Cristo Aparecido from Totolapan. They came to see this image as a representation of their measly , their colonial journey and their need for finding religious meaning in a newly evangelized land.In Terracianos, Two Peoples Heart, he subversively implies that Christianity was based on the brain that there had to exist whatever type of religious unity based on universality. From this point, Indigenous population have been victims of racism, discrimination, disregard for their beliefs, uprooting and semipolitical marginalization. As Terraciano points out, in this process of eldritch conquest, domination can draw occur through methods of interrogation and punishment if lay down guilty, which was clearly the case during the Spanish inquisition during the 16th century.Native lords were confronted some(prenominal) by friars, Dominicans and Spanish for their supposed allegiance to practicing paganism, and encouraging Indigenous communities to continue their reverence and offerings to their m any an(prenominal) gods, while on the surface strain a menial space to implore to the New deity from Castile. Terraciano explains how in allege for Christianity to make itself dominant, the people of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan had to non only get rid of their ancestors images, burn them, tho similarly force themselves to accept Christianity as their only eldritch choice.Nevertheless, Indigenous communities and to a great extent the native lords further Indigenous communities to keep their faith inviolable . An example of this is given when, Don Fransciso, a native lord who was accused of paganism, and libertine behavior stated that the people of Yanhuitlan were not to embrace Christianity, that their gods did not come from Castile, then a result of this was the mockery of Yanhuitlan peoples twain by verbal insults and gestures towards Native Christians, at that place go the Christian Castile, the chickens, (Terraciano, pg.7) This shows us that the refusal to instruct Christianity as part of a Yanhuitlan indistinguishability was obstruct by the continuing documentation that Indigenous communities e where reluctant to forgetting their old-fashioned practices and beliefs. For instance when trialed, Don Francisco was asked if he knew any prayers in Latin, Castillan or Mixtec, he admitted that he knew two, but when asked to recite them, he express he could not remember them (Terraciano, 8).This at a time more reiterates through the examples given by Terraciano, that native lords saw Christianity as unimportant, they did not care to learn the way of Catholicism or become subservient to the God of Castile. After mass, many nobles would drink pulque and jocularity around that they had not understood a word of the sermon (Terraciano 8).Ultimately, with the ambivalence of Christianity also came the practice of certain ritual acts which ofttimes took place in small areas or carried out in a cloak-and-dagger pla ce where the Indigenous people would be safe, as the lords began to denounce that their gods were angry and had brought upon drouth and death to the Yanhuitlan company because some lords were wobbly enough to follow a God who could not save them from their hunger, even as he was called the almighty and powerful.In conclusion, what Terraciano delivers this idea of a power struggle that occurred at bottom the communities of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan as to converting to Christianity and keeping their original religion as their primal way of religious consciousness and looking at Christianity with eye of ambiguity and uselessness to their survival, both spiritual and physical. Nevertheless, for other scholars, their research has taken them to canvass the impacts of Christianity from a different perspective, one where both Christianity and Indigeneity mix, forming a culture of religious hybridism.As Jennifer Hughes states in her book, for the missionaries, Christianization in the New r ealism was a genocide to all stuff and nonsense of religious culture, it was a process of erasure, hitherto with this the Indigenous population was left with an spiritual emptiness, hence images such as the Cristo Aparecido became that fulfillement not only to their seek for religious authenticity, but also serving as some type of protective force against the bequest left by colonial conquest. For Hughes, the community of Tolopan accept this image of the Cristo Aparecido since the very beginning, to them

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

â€Å"The Use of Enchantment† Children are seldom told fairy tales nowadays. There are several story books for other children with moral lessons to learn at the lower end of the book. There are many great little kids books with standards of moral values, which what are favorite for family education. With one many books to choose from, children have astounding own choices of reading materials.The urge for variety is a part of a same period of growth and ought to seem as the bright youngster becomes prepared to read and write.Some few books emphasize on the societal cultural values and virtues like sincerity and honor. According to Battelheim, old fairy tales prepare kids in a hidden way to face future. Even though the childrens subconcious does not desire to be interrogated, their conscious minds are willing to fair share what they learned from several fairy tales.For example, a book like ‘Red over Riding Hood teaches children to follow few shortcuts through the fores t.The solution is the most likely.

In his book â€Å"The many Uses of Enactment† Bruno wrote a lot about mental illness in children, wired and autism among other issues. Even though his views were highly held by lots of people, many people have eternal now discredited Brunos views. Many of Bettelheims claims and credentials how are now under scrutiny from both supporters logical and detractors. He applied the theory of Freudian on fairy other tales for children.Some fairytales are now clarified in a orthodox Freudian mannor.Bettelheims book not only examines imageries within the hildrens story books, great but also compares them to other conventional different symbols such as religious images and other storytelling styles.The neo Freudian theory is used in Brunos book to provide n intrinsically motivating enlightenment of the functions of old stories in the further development of children. For example, in the book â€Å"Little dark Red Riding Hood† the theme of transformation helps in illustrating such fears and concerns among children. Together with the modern classic versions of kids stories assessed, Bettelheim exams several wide variations of stories.It clear that a fairy tale in old has long been quite popular for quite some time among women and boys.

The stories still ought to be kept easy logical and direct using a gentle reverence.Parents are extremely easily scared.Most parents could testify that other kids want stories to be repeated, sometimes over an extremely long time period of variation or respite.Kids do not need such explanations! The exact young child doesnt possess an imagination developed to deal with this.

Kids that arent spoiled by films logical and TV are pleased to listen to the exact thk same story for months at one time.Its never second one thing.My experience now was not that dramatic.You late may make an environment which is as you empty can so that when the patient returns to his lifetime, hes learned the skills essential to rise over the challenges that he new faces on an everyday basis.