The Slave Years Of Frederick Douglass Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Slave Years of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born a slave in 1817 as Frederick Bailey on a farm in Tuckahoe, near Easton town in Talbot County, Maryland. The proprietor of the farm, Captain Anthony, was Frederick # 8217 ; s first maestro. Frederick # 8217 ; s female parent, Harriet Bailey, worked for long hours in the Fieldss of Captain Anthony # 8217 ; s farm situated 12 stat mis off from their place. Because of this, Frederick # 8217 ; s female parent was unable to take attention of him and so Frederick was sent to populate with his grandma, Betsey Bailey. Betsey was excessively old for field labor ; therefore, her occupation was to take attention of kids until they were old plenty to work. Being so far apart, Frederick was merely able to see his mother four or five times in his life. Those times that they did run into were really short and happened during the darks ( 24 ; ch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Slave Years Of Frederick Douglass Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 ) . Harriet Bailey died when Frederick was about seven old ages old, but he did non cognize anything about her decease until much subsequently. Hence, Frederick had small memory of his female parent. It was ill-defined who Frederick # 8217 ; s male parent was. Frederick himself had really small information about his male parent except that he was white. Frederick had besides speculated that his male parent might be Captain Anthony. Thus, Frederick spent his childhood with his grandma on the outskirts of the plantation. During these old ages, he had no apprehension of bondage or the state of affairs that he was in. At the age of six, Frederick began his work for Captain Anthony. The slave kids of Captain Anthony were fed maize repast pulp that was placed in a trough. They looked like so many hogs that ate pulp with oyster-shells, bare custodies until they left the trough satisfied ( 52 ; ch.5 ) . Furthermore, these slaves merely got two harsh linen shirts, making to their articulatio genuss, for vesture per twelvemonth. Seven to ten old ages old kids were about naked all seasons. They were non provided beds or warm covers. Hence, they slept in the kitchen on cold winter darks in order to maintain themselves warm ( 51 ; ch.5 ) . On one dark, Frederick witnessed a tanning of his Aunt Hester by Captain Anthony because she had disobeyed his orders. It was the first clip that Frederick saw a atrocious exhibition. It was besides the first of a long series of indignations that he was a informant and subsequently to be a victim of ( 28 ; ch.1 ) . In 1826, Lucretia Auld, a girl of Anthony, told Frederick that he was being sent to Baltimore to populate with her hubby # 8217 ; s brother, Mr. Hugh Auld. Thus, Frederick left Colonel Lloyd # 8217 ; s plantation when he was eight old ages old. He enjoyed his three happiest yearss before he left his place by rinsing off the plantation scurf in the brook, and fixing himself for his going. He scrubbed himself clean, since Lucretia would give him a brace of bloomerss to have on to Baltimore. Frederick left Tuckahoe with joy. He was eager to travel to Baltimore and to go forth his unhappy life at the plantation behind. His female parent was now dead, his grandma lived far of f and his siblings were separated early in his life. As a consequence, Frederick was on his manner to Baltimore to work, for the first clip, with the hope of wages ( 53 ; ch.5 ) . After geting to the Auld household, Frederick was told to take attention of small Thomas, an infant boy. Sophia Auld was his kept woman, whom Frederick described as # 8221 ; a adult female of the kindest bosom and finest feelings # 8221 ; ( 57 ; ch.6 ) . Mrs. Auld taught him the ABC # 8217 ; s, and so to spell simple words. At that point, Mr. Auld found out and became ferocious because it was improper and insecure to learn a slave to read. Hugh Auld said to his married woman that learning a slave to read and to compose that would do him disqualify to be a slave. He told his married woman that a slave who can read and compose would non obey his maestro any more. Furthermore, this slave could get away to freedom topographic point ( 58 ; ch.6 ) . From that minute, Frederick figured out what a slavery life was. He learned from Mr. Auld that cognizing how to read and to compose could take him to freedom. Hence, he made deriving knowledge his primary end. Sophia Auld, persuaded by her h ubby, changed her ideas about learning Frederick. She began handling him as a slave, non like any other kid. Mrs. Auld would acquire angry whenever she caught Frederick reading a newspaper or books. Learning from her hubby, Sophia recognized that instruction and bondage were the two opposite things that were non compatible with each other. On the other manus, Frederick was still larning to read from his hapless white friends, whom he met on the streets while he was sent on errands. He paid # 8220 ; these instructors # 8221 ; pieces of staff of life in order to acquire more valuable staff of life of cognition ( 65 ; ch.7 ) . As a consequence, Frederick bit by bit learned to read. # 8220 ; A slave for life # 8221 ; was being thought to a great extent upon his caput when he was 12 old ages old. He bought a book with a rubric # 8220 ; The Columbian Orator # 8221 ; , which contained duologues covering with autonomy and human rights. Frederick was consumed with the ideas written in this book. He so began to read metropolis documents and learned the words abolishment and emancipationist ( 69 ; ch.7 ) . After that he succeeded in larning how to compose from his friends and from his small Master Thomas # 8217 ; s copybooks. After populating with the Aulds for approximately five old ages, he went back to the topographic point of his birth to go to to Captain Anthony # 8217 ; s decease. All Captain Anthony # 8217 ; s belongings was divided between his boy and girl, Andrew and Lucretia. After the division of the belongings, Frederick fell to the part of Lucretia and was sent back to Baltimore to populate with Mas ter Hugh household once more. Unfortunately, Lucretia and Andrew died within that same twelvemonth and so all the belongings of his old maestro was given to the aliens – two Auld brothers. Frederick was angered when his grandma, considered excessively old for any work, was sent into the forests to decease. This event increased his hate of bondage. At this clip, there was a struggle between the two brothers ; therefore, Master Thomas took Frederick to populate with him as penalty to his brother, Master Hugh ( 78 ; ch.8 ) . In March of 1832, Frederick, a 15 year-old-boy, left Baltimore and went to populate with his new maestro, Thomas Auld, at St. Michael # 8217 ; s. Thomas was described as a mean and cruel but coward adult male who neer gave a slave plenty nutrient to eat. Therefore, slaves had to steal nutrient from neighbouring farms to last. Frederick was highly unhappy about his new state of affairs because of his disfavor for his new maestro. He rapidly became unsuitable for Thomas # 8217 ; s aim. As a consequence, Frederick received terrible tannings from Thomas, all for no good ground ( 87 ; ch.9 ) . In January 1833, Frederick was sent to Edward Covey for one twelvemonth. Mr. Covey was a hapless husbandman and an expert # 8220 ; nigger-breaker # 8221 ; . However, Covey fed his slaves better than Thomas did. Covey gave them adequate to eat, but really small clip to eat before they were sent back to work. Slaves of Covey must work from morning until after twilight. Frederick worked for the fir st clip in his life as a field manus in the forests of Covey. After working for one hebdomad, Frederick got the first serious whipping from Covey. During the six months that followed, Frederick was continually whipped every bit serious as the first clip until he was broken in organic structure, spirit and psyche. On one of the hottest yearss of August 1833, Frederick # 8217 ; s strength failed him and he could non stand any longer in the field. As Covey saw this, he kicked and beat Frederick until Frederick became unconscious. After Frederick got his strength back, he went back to the Auld farm to implore them to allow him remain. Unluckily, Thomas Auld refused and sent him back to Covey. One twenty-four hours, when Covey began binding him for a tanning, Frederick found the strength to arise this whipping. The spirit of deciding to contend all of a sudden came to his head that suited his action to the declaration ( 103 ; ch.10 ) . There was a conflict between Frederick and Covey fo r about two hours, until Covey eventually gave up. From that clip on, Covey stopped floging him. # 8220 ; I felt as I neer felt before. It was a glorious Resurrection, from the grave of bondage, to the Eden of freedom # 8221 ; , Frederick wrote ( 105 ; ch.10 ) . He felt like he was freed as a consequence of this triumph. After working for Mr. Covey for a twelvemonth, Frederick was sent to work for a husbandman named William Freeland, a comparatively sort maestro. Freeland gave the slaves plenty nutrient and clip to eat. By that clip, Frederick did non care for holding a sort maestro. All he concentrated on was acquiring his freedom. He held his Sabbath school, an illegal school, to learn the slaves about a whole twelvemonth. Then, came up with a program for flight. His group planned to steal a boat to row up the Chesapeake Bay before Easter vacations in 1835. This program failed when one of his fellow-slaves betrayed them. Frederick was put into gaol for about one hebdomad. To Frederick # 8217 ; s surprise, Captain Thomas Auld came up and took him out of gaol. After that, Thomas sent him back to Baltimore to populate with Hugh Auld once more. Since the two Auld brothers had resolved their differences. Hugh Auld so hired Frederick, as a caulker, to work on an extended shipwright undertaking. One twen ty-four hours, a group of white learners beat up Frederick and made his orb about explosion ( 130 ; ch.10 ) . That was how the white work forces treated a black slave individual in the shipyard. After Frederick recovered from his hurts, he began his apprenticeship with Master Hugh. Within one twelvemonth, Frederick was able to acquire the highest pay possible for a caulker. After being an experient caulker, Frederick sought his ain employment and collected his ain money gaining. It was truly his ain ; yet, he must give all his rewards to Hugh Auld at each Saturday dark. Sometimes, Hugh gave Frederick back a small money from his rewards to promote him. As clip went on, Frederick resented holding to give up all his hard-earned money to Master Hugh. He so got the privilege for his ain work, gave his maestro money from his working and maintain excess money for himself. His head ever thought about a freedom of life. Frederick had joined a group of educated free inkinesss, and made friends with a figure of warm-hearted friends in Baltimore. One of them was Anna Murray, his intended married woman. Thinking about flight was difficult for him, at that clip, because of the love and fr iendly relationship that had surrounded him. Furthermore, there could be the danger that he might acquire caught during his escaping, and his life would stop with decease. But eventually, Frederick decided to get away to freedom. On the 3rd twenty-four hours of September 1838, with money that he borrowed from Anna, Frederick bought a ticket and succeeded in making New York. He left his ironss of bondage and became a free adult male on that twenty-four hours. His feeling was # 8220 ; like one who had escaped a lair of hungry king of beastss # 8221 ; ( 143 ; ch.11 ) . Frederick eventually changed his name from Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey to Frederick Douglass. A new universe had opened in forepart of his eyes. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave. Ed. Benjamin Quarles. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960.

Places Named After Old Country Geographic Locations

Places Named After Old Country Geographic Locations What is the geographic connection between the province Nova Scotia in Canada and French New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean? The connection is actually in their names. Have you ever wondered why in many of the worlds centers of immigration like the United States, Canada, and Australia there are plenty of settlements with names like New Denmark, New Sweden, New Norway, New Germany, etc.? Even one of the Australian states is named New South Wales. These many new geographical places - New York, New England, New Jersey and many others in the New World are actually named after the original ones in the Old World. After the discovery of the Americas a necessity for new names appeared. The blank map needed to be filled in. Very often the new places were named after European geographical locations by just adding new to the original name. There are possible explanations for this choice a desire for commemoration, a feeling of homesickness, for political reasons, or due to the presence of physical similarities. It often turns out that the namesakes are more famous than the original ones, yet there a few new places that have disappeared in history. Famous "New Places New York, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico are the four new states in the United States. New York City, which gave the name to the state, has an interesting story. The English city of York is the father of its more famous new version. Before becoming part of the British North American colonies, New York was the capital of the colony known as New Netherland and bore the thematic name New Amsterdam. The small county Hampshire in the south of England gave its name to New Hampshire, in New England. The British crown dependency Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, is the original of New Jersey. Only in the case of New Mexico, there is no transatlantic connection. Its name has an easily explained origin related to the history of the U.S. and Mexico relations. There is also the case of New Orleans, the largest city in Louisiana, which historically has French origins. Being part of New France (present-day Louisiana) the city was named after an important man - the Duke of Orleans, Orleans is a city in the Loire valley in Central France. Famous Old Places Speaking of Spain, we have to mention the idea of New Spain, another example of a former overseas territory named after a country. New Spain consisted of the present-day Central American countries, some Caribbean islands and southwestern parts of the U.S. Its existence lasted exactly 300 years. Officially, it was established immediately after the collapse of the Aztec Empire in 1521 and ended with Mexicos independence in 1821. Other "Old" and "New" Connections The Romans labeled Scotland as Caledonia so the present French New Caledonia island in the Pacific is the new version of Scotland. New Britain and New Ireland are islands in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. The name New Guinea itself is chosen because of the natural similarities between the island and the Guinea region in Africa. The outdated British colonial name of the Pacific nation Vanuatu is New Hebrides. The old Hebrides are an archipelago off the west coast of Great Britain. Zealand is the largest Danish island on which the capital city Copenhagen is located. However, the country of New Zealand is definitely a more famous place than the European original. New Granada (1717-1819) was a Spanish viceroyalty in Latin America encompassing the territories of modern-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. Granada is a city and an important historical place in Andalusia, Spain. New Holland was Australias name for almost two centuries. The name was suggested by the Dutch seafarer Abel Tasman in 1644. Holland is presently part of the Netherlands. New Australia is a utopian settlement established in Paraguay by Australian socialists at the end of the nineteenth century.

Forensic Accounting Case Question (easy) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forensic Accounting Case Question (easy) - Essay Example Thus, she should ensure that she does not raise any alarm when going through the examination. If anything, the group could decide to make the examination effortless, and impossible, by making sure that they sabotage any efforts she puts in the investigation. Subsequently, she should show readiness to work with them, regardless of her position in the firm. By making the examination, a form of normal routine would help her in eliminating any form of suspicion that could arise from among the rest of the workers involved in handling the cash. She should hold her suspicions about the under dealings taking place among the individuals and instead focus on the main reason for conducting the examination. There is a high likelihood that she will find discrepancies in the books, and as such, she should handle these with care not to raise too much noise. Working silently through the examination process, it would possible to unearth any possible cartel created among the employees to misapply the organizational funds. She can only reach at the bottom of the matter by maintaining a low profile investigation rather than creating a commotion by accusing different people on the missing cash. b. When conducting such an investigation, it is important to gather enough evidence to give her a good background on the issue. She should have adequate information on the amount of cash that has been missing from the organization. This is only possible by scrutinizing all organizational documents that deal with cash receivables in the organization. While doing this, she should try to establish any possible loopholes that the individuals use in order to misapply the cash. The books of accounts of the organization in the past five years or so would be the best starting point for the investigation. This would give her an idea of the amount of income that the organization used to receive then and the amount of revenues they received in the present time. This would help in identifying whether th ere was any pattern in the missing funds in the organization. It is however important to understand that the operating manager had convinced more clients into doing business with the organization, which meant that there should have been an increase for revenues. With the argument by George that he has had experienced poor economy against a prevailing good economy, it was evident that in the past, he had engaged in some form of irregularities when handling the organization funds. Thus, inspecting the inventory stock files would also reveal the amount of goods leaving the store at one particular time. These goods should tally with the amount of revenues recorded in the cash receivables. Moreover, records by the sales team would too be of value in establishing whether it was true that all the goods leaving the warehouse were sold. All these figures ought to tally. Pricing, though not an important factor, would too be an important record that would help her in the investigation. The pri cing records would help in clearing the sales team’s files, making sure that the recorded amount tallied with the sales volumes made. c. Suspicions raised by chad of George are serious accusations, that if not properly investigated could affect the organizational performance or the working relations of the two individuals. It was thus Samantha’s duty to either clear George or prove that Chad’s accusations were true. However, she could not do this

Genocide Of either Holocaust or the Rawnda Essay

Genocide Of either Holocaust or the Rawnda - Essay Example (Kagame and his RPF were said to be the ones who ended the genocide) Later on, Kagame is elected as President and has ruled the country since March of 2000. Gourevitch recently wrote that Kagame â€Å"has come to be recognized by his adversaries and his admirers alike, as one of the most formidable political figures of our age† (cjr.org). A detailed report from the British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC) regarding the events in the run-up and during the April to July of 1994 provided the scale of the genocide in a straightforward lead: â€Å"Between April and June of 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the space of 100 days† (news.bbc.co.uk). The genocide all started from the assassination of Habyarimana and other officials when the airplane they had boarded â€Å"was shot down above Kigali airport on 6 April 1994† (new.bbc.co.uk). By Kagame’s account, dissident Hutus were behind the killing of Habyarimana just to give excuse for Hutus and state fo rces to purge the Tutsis out of Rwanda; but a French judge has blamed Kagame. It is clear that several factors had phenomenally laid the groundwork for the horrible genocide to happen. Aside from the shooting down of Habyarimana’s plane, cases of violence–specifically between Hutus and Tutsis which are the two races in Rwanda–replete the torrid history of Rwanda. â€Å"Ethnic tension in Rwanda is nothing new. There have been always disagreements between the majority Hutus and minority Tutsis† (news.bbc.co.uk). Way back in 1916, Belgian colonists considered the Tutsis as superior. Tutsis stood tall and had had â€Å"enjoyed better jobs and educational opportunities† (news.bbc.co.uk) than the Hutus. It is the Hutus’ ethnic hatred towards the Tutsis which added more fuel in burning genocide. In the midst of the Rwandan genocide was Paul Rusesabagina, 56. A hotel manager of the Millie Collines, a luxury hotel in capital Kigali, Rusesabagina has saved many Tutsis from the armed Hutus. His actions transformed him into being an â€Å"unlikely hero† (nationalgeograophic.com). His story was filmed and premiered in Hollywood on the December of 2004 as Hotel Rwanda. Hotel Rwanda has revealed the daily struggles of Rusesabagina just to keep many Tutsis safe in the luxury hotel. It revealed the corrupted and disordered local politics in Rwanda. It has also shown the cowed response of the United Nations’ peacekeeping force in handling the situation. It has also revealed many impoverished families who mired in hunger and poverty. Ultimately, it is a success story on the part of Rusesabagina that despite of all the intimidations he’s been through, he successfully saved his neighbors and loved ones from the genocide. The UN is pretty straightforward in its campaign against genocide. Under the UN Agreements on Human Rights, it is stipulated that the convention bans â€Å"acts committed with the intent to destroy, i n whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group† (hrweb.org). It also declared that â€Å"genocide itself, conspiracy or incitement to commit genocide, attempts to commit or complicity in the commission of genocide all to be illegal† (hrweb.org). It is clear that the true intent of the convention is to straighten the fact that genocide is illegal thus deserves

Geothermal energy (ethical issues) Research Paper

Geothermal energy (ethical issues) - Research Paper Example Interview: Ormat: Engineer Lucien Bronicki, who is the chairman and chief technology officer and his wife Yehudit Dita Bronicki, the cheif executive officer. ORMAT was established in 1965, formally known as Ormat Turbines Ltd. Lucien Bronicki worked in a physics laboratory which was funded by the government in the late 1950s. Here, he developed a turbine which would be used for electricity production from a wide range of energy sources which includes solar energy (Bronicki (c)). Later on he retired to exploit his ideas commercially where he set up the Ormat together with his wife. Ormat’s early years only focused exclusively with the manufacture of power generating equipment (Bronicki (a) 3). During the 1970s the Israeli government gave Ormat technology financial assistance, and also raised additional capital from the private sector investors. All this was for the building of the world’s first power station to produce electricity from solar energy. However this power station did not meet its target as far as economy was concerned so it was abandoned in 1988. In the 1980s, Ormat began to build systems which generated electricity using heat that would be emitted in industries during industrial processes also known as recovered energy. Later in the year the company ventured into geothermal where they used the company’s technology to generate electricity. In the 1990s Ormat decided to own and be involved with the management of alternative and renewable power station instead of relying on the provision of power generating equipment. The main product that Ormat technology provides is geothermal power solutions and energy recovery solutions. However, it is involved in the design of turbines, heat exchangers, pumps as well as organic fluids that do not degrade the ozone layer done originally by their designers. The company is also involved with the construction of combined cycle geothermal power plants in which power in a back pressure steam turbine is produces first by steam. The bottom of the vapour turbo generator does the condensing of the vapour. This produces additional power. It also provides services which are related to procurement, construction, engineering, maintenance and operations of recovery energy and geothermal plants. Ormat technologies operates and also owns geothermal power plants in Nevada, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Kenya, California, Hawaii, Indonesia and Guatemala. Worldwide, Ormat has 1069 employees in their Reno headquarters in the United States and the other figures distributed in their othe r stations in other countries. Below is the ranking of the Ormat technologies from the chief technology officer to the independent director. It is in this order; name, age, since and the current position. Name Age since Current position Lucien  Bronicki 77 2004 Chairman of the board, chief technology officer Yehudit  Bronicki 70 2007 Chief executive officer, director Yoram  Bronicki 45 2007 President, chief operating officer, director Joseph  Tenne 56 2005 Chief financial officer Nadav  Amir 61 2009 Executive vice president -operations Zvi  Krieger 56 2009 Executive vice President- geothermal resources Zvi  Reiss 61 2004 Executive vice President- Project Management Joseph  Shiloah 66 2010 Executive vice President- Business Development, Special Project, Rest of the World Etty  Rosner 56 2007 Executive vice President- Contract Management, Corporate Secretary Shimon  Hatzir 50 2009 senior vice President- Engineering Nir  Wolf 46 2010 vice President- Business devel opment, marketing and sales, rest of the world Robert  Clarke 69 2007 Independent Director Dan  Falk 67 2004 Independent Director Roger  Gale 65 2005 Independent Director David  Wagener 57 2010 Independent Director As of the year 2011 Ormat geothermal provider and technology provider had an increase of 17% to $437 million in total revenues. Their product revenue increase is 39% which accounts for 25% of their total revenues. There was an increase of 11% to $323.8 million in electricity revenues from

Matrilineal social structure of spotted hyenas

Matrilineal social structure of spotted hyenas The spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta ¸ has evolved a matrilineal society in which the females are more dominant and aggressive than males within the clans. Female and male behaviors come together to form a complex societal structure that promotes variability and reproductive success. This species is an exceptional example of matrilineal hierarchy and social organization as opposed to the regular male-dominant societal structure present in the case of most mammals. Scientists continue to study the spotted hyena for its remarkably sophisticated social behavior, which may be comparable to that of some primates and possibly even human beings (Jenks et al., 1995; Drea et al., 2002; Engh et al., 2002; East et al., 2003). The spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta, is a very intelligent animal that organizes itself into large clans of 50-80 members (Engh et al., 2002). While most mammals exhibit a male-dominant society where males fight for rank and the right to reproduce, the spotted hyena has developed a matrilineal society (Jenks et al., 1995). Females are more dominant and aggressive than males and pass on their rank to their offspring (Jenks et al., 1995; Engh et al., 2002). They are responsible for reproductive choice due to their dominant status (East et al., 2003). Males regularly travel to clans outside their natal society, despite the cost of access to food, for the chance of higher reproductive success (Engh et al., 2002). They also engage in specific favorable behaviors to entice females to choose to mate with them (East et al., 2003). All of these sophisticated behaviors have evolved to promote variability and overall success for the spotted hyena. Even more amazingly, the same social structure a nd behaviors of dominant-submissive interactions emerged within an isolated group of spotted hyenas raised in captivity (Jenks et al., 1995). The spotted hyena is definitely a very unique case of societal arrangement (Engh et al., 2002). With further study, the evolution of this remarkable case of sex-role reversal and complex hierarchy may soon be fully understood. It may provide further insight into similar social arrangements seen with other animals such as primates (Jenks et al., 1995). The study of spotted hyenas may even provide insight into more primitive stages of human societal structure, especially where there are matrilineal cultures. Females are without question the more dominant gender within spotted hyena clans and they exercise this dominance when it comes to reproduction (Engh et al., 2002; East et al., 2003). They are on average larger, more aggressive, and more violent than males within the clan (Engh et al., 2002). Their special anatomy an enlarged clitoris through which copulation occurs gives them full control over sexual activities and partners (East et al., 2003). There is no chance for forced copulation simply because the male hyena needs the females full cooperation for proper coitus to occur (East et al., 2003). Theories for the evolution of this physical characteristic include (a) counter-evolution in the presence of high rates of forced copulation and (b) selection for overall more dominant and aggressive individuals resulting in masculinization (Drea et al., 2002). Since more dominant and aggressive females also attain a higher rank within the clan, they tend to be more successful in raising a larger number of young. A higher rank correlates to greater access to food and thus higher chances of survival for both mother and offspring (Engh et al., 2002). Female spotted hyenas have multiple criteria for choosing mates. They prefer immigrant males to natal males, those born within the community a possible measure for prevention of inbreeding (Engh et al., 2002). Even more amazingly, females generally prefer males of similar age, preventing sexual interactions with fathers or sons (East et al., 20023). Females also show preference for more submissive, less aggressive males (East et al., 2003). This selection for less aggressive males further emphasizes the sexual dimorphism, both in behavior and physical characteristics, present in this species. Females copulate with several males when in heat, possibly to dissuade males from infanticide (East et al., 2003). This behavior further increases variability it is quite common to see single litters whose cubs can be traced to different fathers (Engh et al., 2002). It serves to confuse males and dissuade them from killing cubs that may or may not be their own a complex behavior that shows fo resight and intelligent thought (East et al., 2003). Female choice for less aggressive males and behavior to prevent infanticide may have evolved to counter the extremely high-risk pregnancies these animals go through due to their anatomy (Drea et al., 2002). In a study conducted by Engh and colleagues (2002), the reproductive skew among male hyenas was investigated. One of the major discoveries was that immigrant males had an immense advantage over natal males. Over the 10-year period that one clan of hyenas was observed, it was found that immigrant males sired 97% of the cubs, while natal males only sired 3% (Engh et al., 2002). This explains the males behavior of leaving natal clans and immigrating elsewhere: the cost of rank and access to food are highly outweighed by the reproductive benefits in a non-natal clan (Engh et al., 2002). Within the group of immigrant males, it was found that rank did not have a statistically significant effect on a males reproductive success. In fact, males a few ranks below the highest ranking immigrant had the most success in terms of cubs sired (Engh et al., 2002). In general, tenure the measure of how long an immigrant male had been in the clan was found to be a better indicator of reproductive succ ess. The immigrant males rates of producing cubs increased significantly the longer they remained in the clan, showing a strong correlation between tenure and reproductive success (Engh et al., 2002). Male spotted hyenas are also observed to exhibit behaviors to make themselves more attractive to females. As found in a recent study by East and colleagues (2003), there was no reproductive advantage to harassing, shadowing, or defending females from other competition. In fact, males exhibiting these behaviors were often attacked or chased away by females and other clan members. Instead, males found significantly more reproductive success by fostering relationships with females over longer periods of time a surprisingly complex behavior very close to that of humans (East et al., 2003). Having these friendly relationships also were seen to solidify the males places within the clan hierarchy once again, a very complex sociological behavior, especially when seen outside the order of primates (East et al., 2003). The sophisticated system of hierarchy was even recreated in captivity by a group of previously unranked hyenas collected at infancy (Jenks et al., 1995). Amazingly, these young hyenas grouped themselves in a matrilineal hierarchy, as observed over the course of two generations (Jenks et al., 1995). This structuring occurred despite the lack of maternal input for the first generation, showing that social organization is programmed into the spotted hyenas behavioral patterns (Jenks et al., 1995). While the first generation had little to no maternal interaction to help rank them within the clan, they went on to influence their own offsprings place in the clan hierarchy, just as observed in wild clans (Jenks et al., 1995). The only significant difference between the experimental clan and wild clans was the speed at which the cubs ranks stabilized within the community. Experimental group cubs solidified their place much faster than those in the wild, possibly due to smaller numbers and le ss movement within the clan (Jenks et al., 1995). The spotted hyena is a remarkable animal. It shows extremely complex behavior that leads to sophisticated social structure something that is rarely seen in mammals outside of primates (Jenks et al., 1995). In fact, the matrilineal group structure of hyena clans is very similar to that of Old World primates (Jenks et al., 1995). The sense of organization in this manner is so strong within the hyenas evolved behavioral patterns that matrilineal structure is even seen to spontaneously emerge in isolated hyenas raised in captivity (Jenks et al., 1995). Complex sexual behaviors, such as the females choice of partner based on immigrant status, tenure, and age, seem to promote the creation of this social structure (Engh et al., 2002; East et al., 2003). Carefully nurtured relationships between same- and opposite-sex individuals show the multifaceted interactions between clan members that also contribute to the development of matrilineal organization (East et al., 2003). Female dominance is even supported by biological mechanisms and the altered anatomy of this species (Drea et al., 2002). With further study, the circumstances that led to the evolution of this unique system may soon be uncovered. This will provide insight not only into the spotted hyenas sociological history, but also into that of Old World primates and possibly even that of human beings. It is an exciting prospect that will hopefully emerge within the years to come.

Cosmology: Science Vs Religion Essay -- essays research papers

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Christian belief encountered significant opposition. Until then, most of the world shared the belief of the â€Å"Medieval world view† that not only was the earth positioned at the center of the universe, but that God was all knowing, all powerful and all good. God was thought to have created and sustained the wondrous workings of the universe. This belief told the people all they needed to know about the meaning and purpose of life. Then, scientific discovery and methods began to undermine religious beliefs. Scientists began to reveal that natural laws and natural forces governed the world. Opposing beliefs, e.g. the Marxism belief, criticized Christian views. People like, Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton all played significant roles in challenging the recognized views at that time. In contrast to the â€Å"medieval world view†, the â€Å"scientific universe† is impersonal, governed by natural laws and understandable in physical and mathematical terms. Many people trust the information science offers rather than religion because science seems to be more reliable. Science has replaced religion as the dominant intellectual authority because science offers the chance to understand the universe, whereas religion just assumes things. Many believe, as was said by Richard Dawkins, â€Å"the truth means scientific truth†. Along with the logical Positivists, they claimed the only meaningful statements were scientific. It is unfortunate that such...

Main types of state and independent schools.

1.1 Identify the main types of state and independent schools. 1.2 Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance.Community schools These are run by the Local Education Authority and are funded by the state via the local authority. These schools follow the national curriculum. The LEA usually owns and has responsibility for all buildings and premises as well as employing staff and admissions.Voluntary controlled schools These schools have a religious affiliation (predominantly Church of England) and are funded by central government via the local authority. The LEA are responsible for the land and buildings although these are typically owned by a charitable foundation who also appoint about a quarter of the schools governors. The LEA are responsible for employing staff and admissions and pupils follow the national curriculum.Voluntary aided schools These schools also have a religious affiliation and are largely fun ded by the state although a trust or foundation, represented by a proportion of the schools governors, provide some funds for buildings etc. These schools have more autonomy than voluntary controlled schools and the governors are responsible for employing staff and admissions. They follow the national curriculum and are also advised and supported by the LEA.Foundation schools These are state funded via the LEA, who also have responsibility for buildings and premises as well as curriculum and a supporting and advisory role. Governors are responsible for employing staff.Free schools These are state funded directly with no links to the LEA. Governors are responsible for employing staff and admissions as well as buildings and premises. Pupils do not follow the national curriculum. This type of school can be set up by any group applying to the government, but they must adhere to strict rules.Academies State funded with no link to LEA. Governors are responsible for employing staff and adm issions as well as buildings and premises. pupils do not have to follow the national curriculum but must meet the core subject requirements. They are self governing and most are constituted as registered charities and may also have corporate sponsors.Independent (private) schools Privately funded and usually fee paying. The owners are responsible for buildings and premises as well as employing staff and admissions. they do not have to follow the national curriculum but they have to be registered with the Department for Education and inspected by an independent schools inspectorate.Educational Stages and Age GroupsNursery & Reception Year 1 & 2 Year 3-6 Year 7-9 Years 10 & 11 Years 12 & 13foundation 3-5yrs key stage 1 5-7yrs key stage 2 7-11yrs key stage 3 11-14yrs key stage 4 14-16yrs key stage 5 16-18yrs Nursery 3-4Infants 4-5 5-7Junior7-11Primary 4-5 5-7 7-11Secondary11-14 14-16 may have sixth form First 4-5 5-7 7-8 or 9Middle8 or 9-11 11-13Upper13- 166th form college16-18 Special schools all age ranges and stages

Paper Towels on Trial essays

Paper Towels on Trial essays Paper Towels On Trial Have you ever wondered what the best brand of paper towels is? Or what "the best" actually means? Well, our group adventured out to find "the best" paper towel! We tested seven different brands of paper towels. We did 3 different controlled experiments to collect data. The data will help to determine the best paper towel out of the seven brands we tested. The brands we tested were: Bounty, Scott, Viva, Home Best, Strong n' Thirsty, Good Day, and Green Forest. The materials we used for our controlled experiments included: a tub(to hold water), a dropper(for the absorbency test), a cup, seven brands of paper towels, a few flasks, a triple beam balance scale, water, our chart(to record the data), our hands(for the absorbancy test), and our groups table. Here are the tests, and our steps we used to obtain the data. 1. Two people hold the paper towel tightly about 6 inches above the table. 2. One person cups their hands underneath the center of the paper towel. 3. One person drops the water onto the paper towel with the dropper. 4. The person dropping water counts how many drops it takes before it drops throught the paper towels. 1. One person soaks a paper towel in water. 2. Another person times, with a watch, the time it takes for the paper towel to rip. 3. One person rubs the paper towel back and forth on the table with their fingertips until it rips. 1. Set the water tub on the table with a little bit of water in it. 2. Two people hold a soaked paper towel tightly over the tub. 3. One person gently sets a flask on top of the paper towel. They fill the flask with water until the paper towel breaks. 4. When it breaks, someone goes and weighs the flask, and we record the weight for the strength test. There was more than one brand that won in the absorbancy test. They were Sc ...

Free Essays on Cohen Bros.

O’ Brother, Where Art Thou? If Ethan and Joel Cohen had been able to sit down and write the entire script for O’ Brother, Where Art Thou straight through I might consider it a great movie. The problem I run into is that the brothers started the script years ago, and when they found themselves stuck they simply took a break and wrote something else. Don’t get me wrong, I love the Cohen brothers other films, (the Big Lebowski might be the funniest movie ever!) but O’ Brother seems too familiar to be considered a great film. In this respect I agree with Roger Ebert’s review that the movie â€Å"contains sequences that are wonderful in themselves - lovely short films – but the movie never really shapes itself into a whole.† The Cohen brother’s made great strides in cinematography, but really missed the boat with O’ Brother. The cast is full of tremendous actors who have dazzled when working with the Cohens, but that’s precisely the problem. John Goodman has appeared in the Cohen’s Barton Fink and The Big Lebowski playing the same violently psychotic character he plays in O’ Brother. Goodman’s performance as Big Dan Teague is solid, but it doesn’t hold a candle to Vietnam vet Walter, the bungling, gun-totting lunatic who, despite his good intentions, is the bane of Jeff Lebowski’s (not Lebowski the â€Å"DUDE†) existence. Also Pappy O’Daniel, played by Charles Durning, plays essentially the same role he had in Big Lebowski, and also much more over the top as he turns in a Jackie Gleason/Sheriff Buford T. Justice performance. And for as many good performances as Holly Hunter has turned in, she is un-noteworthy as the estranged wife of our hero Everett Ulysses McGill. As for those who turned in respectable performances, George Clooney did his best work to date and really helped propel the film. His portrayal of Everett, a lovably quirky convict on the lame with, an insatiable need for Dapper Dan pomade, was ... Free Essays on Cohen Bros. Free Essays on Cohen Bros. O’ Brother, Where Art Thou? If Ethan and Joel Cohen had been able to sit down and write the entire script for O’ Brother, Where Art Thou straight through I might consider it a great movie. The problem I run into is that the brothers started the script years ago, and when they found themselves stuck they simply took a break and wrote something else. Don’t get me wrong, I love the Cohen brothers other films, (the Big Lebowski might be the funniest movie ever!) but O’ Brother seems too familiar to be considered a great film. In this respect I agree with Roger Ebert’s review that the movie â€Å"contains sequences that are wonderful in themselves - lovely short films – but the movie never really shapes itself into a whole.† The Cohen brother’s made great strides in cinematography, but really missed the boat with O’ Brother. The cast is full of tremendous actors who have dazzled when working with the Cohens, but that’s precisely the problem. John Goodman has appeared in the Cohen’s Barton Fink and The Big Lebowski playing the same violently psychotic character he plays in O’ Brother. Goodman’s performance as Big Dan Teague is solid, but it doesn’t hold a candle to Vietnam vet Walter, the bungling, gun-totting lunatic who, despite his good intentions, is the bane of Jeff Lebowski’s (not Lebowski the â€Å"DUDE†) existence. Also Pappy O’Daniel, played by Charles Durning, plays essentially the same role he had in Big Lebowski, and also much more over the top as he turns in a Jackie Gleason/Sheriff Buford T. Justice performance. And for as many good performances as Holly Hunter has turned in, she is un-noteworthy as the estranged wife of our hero Everett Ulysses McGill. As for those who turned in respectable performances, George Clooney did his best work to date and really helped propel the film. His portrayal of Everett, a lovably quirky convict on the lame with, an insatiable need for Dapper Dan pomade, was ...

Exploring Strategies For Reducing Hospital Errors Research Paper

Exploring Strategies For Reducing Hospital Errors - Research Paper Example Later, using the quantitative techniques the benefits realized were determined as a result of the implementation. The research methodology used for this research paper was the survey design. A random sample of the hospitals was selected from all over the state and accordingly the perceived importance and the implementation of the error reducing strategies was checked using a questionnaire as the data gathering instrument. The target population was identified and the questionnaires were distributed via the electronic media. A follow up was made about whether the questionnaire was received to the right person by making phone calls. The problem statement of a research study is basically a set of puzzles that the researcher intends to solve. The statement may not be a single statement presenting the problem; rather it could constitute few paragraphs or multiple points covering the problem area. However, they should â€Å"present a concise description of the nature of the problem to be investigated† (Blaikie, 2000, p.16). With respect to this, the problem statement of this research paper is very well presented. It is actually covered in four very concise points which identify the problem areas that are dealt in the research paper. They deal with the variables identified (dependent, independent and moderating) with which all the study relates to. However rigorous the study might be, the vitality of selecting the appropriate sample and targeting the key respondents can not in any case be ignored; for a failure with this part of the study would result in the whole study being fruitless as the validity of the results could well be challenged. The research paper under consideration deals with the perceived importance and the implementation of the error reducing strategies in the hospitals and the barriers that come in the way. With respect to that, the key respondents that were identified for the

International Organisation and Successful Harmonisation of Essay

International Organisation and Successful Harmonisation of International Commercial Law - Essay Example At constant time, harmonization of sets of laws controls the danger that subject matter be considered or resolved another way in jurisdictions2. This is to elaborate on the process of harmonization to control trade. In terms of practical principles, harmonization will harmonize the pitfalls that might affect the harmonization process the progress of daily operations and in meticulous traverse –system and traverse –border interactions 3. Harmonization is generally arrived at via international agreements by which nations agree to commence exact rules into their state legislation. This is mainly conducted by harmonization bodies and harmonization instruments. On the other hand, lots of international agreements are on no account fully functional; harmonization is also sought after â€Å"representation rules" or " representation statutory necessities " which are recommended to state legislators for implementation. 1 Harmonization and use of, mechanical standards may donate to growing the simplicity of exchange of ideas and plummeting conflicts equal to those occasions where there may perhaps be a divergence of laws. Standardization of structures is also a precondition for interoperability of structures, and indispensable to any authentic transaction of any business in the trade market 5. The four harmonization techniques include Uniform choice of law rules, Lex mercatoria, Standard form contracts, and Uniform substantive law. Therefore, harmonization laws international law, national laws, and Lex Mercatoria. This classification brings information about the diversity of sources of international business commandment. The pitfalls of this categorization are the importance of condition -made law and the sustenance of solid law necessities. It means a convinced chain of command of worldwide trade law rules which protects international convention and compulsory nationwide rules over contractual conditions and business. Some of the disadvantages and advantag es of harmonization include the following. First of all harmonization is mainly meant to unification of laws. Second, they point towards at law reorganization when the existing commandment cannot manage with developing business-related practices. Whichever the issue is the final purpose are the expansion of a legal structure and the surroundings of intercontinental principles. Alongside these two aims, the compensation of harmonisation of law gives the impression to be self- obvious. On the other hand, the commerce society is a very unenthusiastic to accept any transform in commandment. The identical applies for in cooperation the practising lawyers and law implanters. Some of these advantages include; it facilitates business with plagiarism of barriers consequential from difficulties of dissimilar officially permitted regimes. (2) Harmonisation of intercontinental commercial commandment creates a legal structure adapt -made for intercontinental communication, disregarding dissimila r in the guideline of national communication The chances put across to avoid pitfalls in trade and asset needs legal systems of harmonization with harmonized regulations so as to increase financial behaviour. Harmonization