That Was Then :: Writing Education Essays

That Was Then ...Oh. Its you. Hi... ...O.k., well, heres the thing. I was looking at this paper that I had written a long time ago... ...Well, it seems desire a long time ago. Anyway, as I was hypothesizeing, I was reading material this paper and I said to myself, I said self, whats up with this? I mean it was so obvious to me that I had no clue as to what to write about... ...Why is it obvious I had no clue? Well thats easy. I have no clue as to what I was trying to phrase and I wrote the thing. I mean I read it over a couple of times and tried to understand it, I just couldnt. The exactly thing I could get from the thing is that I most interchangeablely wrote it at the last minute and made it up as I went along. Its like I didnt put any thought into it at both. I mean come on - college is like a chair?... ...Why is that mischievousness? Because I claimed to be able to sit on my college education if all else fails. What the hell did I mean by that?... ...Try to analyze it a ll you want. The item remains that it even fell one paragraph short of the complete theme paper. The only thing I can say is that it sounds like I am tired of typography papers... ...O.k. Maybe I am being a little hard on myself. After all, it was the setoff of the quarter and I had no idea as to what type of writing I could get away with. I mean, for so long presently I have had to write to fit the criteria that was expected by a particular teacher/professor. I was limited as to what I could say and how I could say it. Now suddenly Im supposed to believe that a professor is going to accept my writing in the manor in which I choose to write? Yeah right. I would guess I basically took the safe rout on that paper. I should have gone(p) with a metaphor of Jeopardy. I know I could Have been much creative with that. Its kind of funny reading the paper again subsequently so much time has passed. It sounds like I was trying to win over myself that I believed what I was writing alo ng with trying to convince a professor.

Florence Nightingale Essay

Florence nightingales milieual theory is a holistic approach to health care. The basis of this theory is the inter-relationship of a healthful purlieu with nursing. Nightingale noticed that external influences and conditions send away suppress, or contri besidese to ailment or death. The goal of the nurse should be to help patients retain their give birth vitality by meeting their basic needs through statement of the environment. (Selanders & ampere Crane, 2012) on that point are three types of environment in Nightingales theory. The first is the physical environment. It consist of the physical elements where the patient is creation treated such as the bed, the linens, the floors and walls, and plumbing. Nightingale manipulated the physical environment by using cleanliness, heat and proper plumbing. She insisted upon patients having access to fresh air and inherent sunlight. The second is the mental environment, which can be affected by the negatively charged physical envi ronment.A dirty and un-kept environment is a psychological negative environment. One way that Nightingale manipulated this type was with the use of fresh flowers. The psychological environment requires various activities to keep the mind active and distracted from the aggravator and suffering of illness. It also involves therapeutic communication with the patient and family. The accessible environment consist of the patients hospital room and home, as well as the federation that affects the patients specific environment. For example, a patients social support may consist of friends, family, church members or neighbors. ( care for Theory, 2012) There are five major components of a healthful environment. They are, proper ventilation, passable light, sufficient warmth, control of noise and control of odors. These were all important in the Nightingale theory. Fresh ventilated air can decrease the tally of germs. We know that light is important to our patients and the absence of nat ural light can lead to delirium. Warmth is important as it helps the body remain gratuitous from the stress caused by cold.Decreasing the noise around our patients helps them let loose and fuck off the rest that their bodies require to heal. Controlling odors can also help our patients relax but is also important to the patients psychological well- being. ( nursing Theory, 2012) The nursing paradigm of Nightingales theory assumes that nursing is antithetical from medicine and that the goal of nursing is to place the patient in the topper possible condition for nature to act upon them. Nursing encompasses the all the activities that get up health and can be performed by anyone. Nursing provides fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, placid and a proper diet. Nursing facilitates a patients reparative act upon by ensuring the best possible environment and influences the environment to promote health. (Nursing Theory, 2012) Today we practice many of the aspects of Nightingale s theory. Some units have quiet while to allow patients to rest. We have a butterfly garden that patients can check that not only serves as a resource for fresh air, but also provides sunlight and a wonderful distraction from their illness.ReferencesCreasia, J. L., & Friberg, E. (2011). conceptual Foundations, the bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed.). St. Louise, MO Mosby. Environmental Theory. (2012). Retrieved from www.nursingtheory.org Selanders, L. C., & Crane, P. C. (2012, January). The Voice of Florence Nightingale on Advocacy. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17. Retrieved from www.nursingworld.com

Presence of Exim Bank in Saarc Region

record of SAARC The concept of condition up a constituental co-operational in the federation Asiatic piece was first mooted by the late chairman of Bangladesh, Ziaur-Rahman on May 2, 1980. Before this, the idea of regional cooperation in s turn uphbound Asia was discussed in conferences of Asiatic constituental conference, unsanded Delhi in April 1947, the Baguio group in Philippines in May 1950, and the Colombo Power Conference in April 1954. urther in the late 70s, SAARC nations hold to create a switch bloc consisting of southwesterly Asiatic countries. The idea of regional cooperation in southbound Asia was again mooted in May 1980as a result, the outside(prenominal) secretaries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981. The Committee of the Whole, which met in Colombo in magisterial 1985, determine five broad areas for regional cooperation.New areas of cooperation were added in the following eld. therefore the reciprocal ohm As iatic familiarity of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was created in 1985 with eight ingredient countries in SAARC namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It likewise has nine observers, namely China, EU, Iran, Republic of Korea, Australia, japan, Mauritius, Myanmar and USA.The objectives of the railroad tie as defined in the Charter are * to bear on the public assistance of the bulk of South Asia and to im sustain their quality of life * to accelerate economical growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to get out every individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their plenteous potential * to promote and tone selective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia * to play to vernacular trust, understanding and appreciation of one a nonhers problems * to promote active collaborationism and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields * to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries * to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of customary interest and * to cooperate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and purposes. The principles of SAARC are * complaisance for sovereignty, territorial integrity, political equality and independence of all genus Phalluss states * Non-interference in the interior matters is one of its objectives * Cooperation for mutual benefit * All decisions to be taken nemine contradicente and need a quorum of all eight members * All bilateral issues to be kept aside and only multilateral(involving legion(predicate) countries) issues to be discussed without being disfavor by bilateral issues stinting Agenda of SAARC The main economic agendum of SAARC complicate ) SAARC Preferential Trading balance (SAPTA) The system on SAPTA was subscribe on 11 April 1993 and entered into force on 7 December 1995. The apprehensio n envisaged promoting and sustaining mutual occupation and economic cooperation within the SAARC region through present-and-take of concessions. b) South Asiatic on the loose(p) mint Area (SAFTA) The discernment on SAFTA was gestural on 6 January 2004 during the Twelfth SAARC altitude in capital of Pakistan. The Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2006. c) South Asian Economic mating The Eleventh raising (Kathmandu, 4-6 January 2002) provided further impetus to the regional economic cooperation to give effect to the shared aspirations for a more prosperous South Asia.At the round top, the use uping agreed to accelerate cooperation in the core areas of alternate, finance and investiture to stool the goal of an integrated South Asian economy in a step-by-step manner. They similarly agreed to the vision of a phased and planned abut eventually leading to a South Asian Economic Union. Economic visibility of the SAARC Member Countries In Afghanistan, real interior (prenominal) product (gross domestic product) is estimated to induct reached 13. 9% in FY2007, owing to a smashed recovery in agricultural production. diligence and services recorded dynamic growth of 13. 3% and 12. 4%, respectively. eddy was the main driver of industrial growth. In Bangladesh, gross domestic product growth in FY2007 (ended June 2007) stood at 6. % underpinned by steady expansion in manufacturing and keep buoyancy in services, on the tail of rising domestic and outside(a) demand. Secretariat of SAARC The Secretariat of SAARC is located in Kathmandu has been accomplished on 16 January 1987 inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal headed by a Secretary General. The Secretary General is ap smudgeed by the Council of Ministers from Member Countries in alphabetical order for a term of three- familys assisted by the lord and the General Services Staff, and also an appropriate number of functional units cal lead Divisions assign to Directors on deputation from Member States.The Secretariat has been entrusted with the function of coordination and monitoring the executing of activities, arranging for clashings, and serveing as a channel of communication mingled with the Association and its Member States as well as other regional organizations. The setting up of SAARC Secretariat involved inking a Memorandum of Understanding between the Foreign Ministers of member countries on 17 November 1986 at Bangalore, India which contained various clauses concerning the role, anatomical structure and administration of the SAARC Secretariat as well as the government agencys of the Secretary-General. Regional Centres of SAARC in that respect are various regional centres established by SAARC Secretariat in member states so as to ensure smooth lap upings of the SAARC functions.The regional Centres covering Agriculture, Tuberculosis, Documentation, Meteorological research, and Human Re origin victimization form been established in contrary SAARC groovys SAIC (Dhaka, 1998) STC (Kathmandu, 1992) SDC (New Delhi, 1994) SMRC (Dhaka, 1995) SHRDC (Islamabad, 1999) SCC (Kandy, 2004) SCZMC (Male, 2004) and SIC (Kathmandu, 2004). In addition, three new regional centres covering Culture, Coastal Zones Management, and Information are being established. India- SAARC Relationship The countries of South Asia were compelled to forge a regional grouping due to universal realization among the third world countries. india with her experience of initial efforts to organize the Asian residential area the conflicts in the region welcomed the initiative of Bangladesh in 1980. for an association of south Asian namely India, Pakistan, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives. SAARC provides a platform for the peoples of south asia to work together in a spirit of friendship , trust understanding . it aims to accelerated the exhibit of economic social development in member states. the initial yrs of SAARC were marked by significant political developments in the world culminating in the demise of cold war the disremberment of the soviet union. therefore, when the proposal for the regional co-operation was make by bangladesh india could not reject the proposal. as this regional cooperation could play a useful role in indias own regional policy. india is the biggest with sharing the borders with all 6 countries of the region. from politicla to economic level, india & antiophthalmic factor its neighbors puzzle many disputes. inida is also having the immutable democracy, has a strong legions machine, a large scientific & technical manpower & a vast industries infrastructure makes it different from other countries. the end of cold war has provided greater leeway to india to promote her perception of south Africa regionalism through SAARC. india has become the heart of saarc & in fact constitutes the major(ip) source of both gross domestic product, trade & capital flows within sa arc/region. the reluctance of india & other south asian countries to consider saarc into forum for resolving major regional disputes hampers saarc ability to handwriting with many of the south asias economic political problems. Mekong-Ganga Cooperation it was established on nov 10 2000 at vientiane in the 1st MGC ministerial-meeting. it comp face liftings of 6 members countries namely, thailand, myanmar,cambodia, lao PDR, vietnam india. they emphses on 4 areas of cooperation , which are tourism, culture, grooming , transportation linkages in order to be warm foundation for future trade investment cooperation in the region. Cooperation Mechanisms the functional mechanics for MGC consists of the annual ministrial meeting, the senior officials meeting, 5 working group namely * working group on tourism (thailand) * working group on education , HRD (india) * working group on culture (cambodia) working group on communication & transportation (lao PDR) * working group on paln of actions (vietnam). with his cooperation india has elongated its footprints in asean region under the geostartegic back drop. india has added powerful cultural dimension to its economic diplomacy by encouraging business contacts between the people residing on the banks Summits Summits which are the highest authority in SAARC, are supposed to be held annually. The country hosting the Summit also holds the Chair of the Association. Bangladesh hosted the Thirteenth Summit in November 2005 at Dhaka as the Chairperson of the Association. India will host the quadteenth SAARC Summit in 2007 as its Chairman.South Asias regional cooperation, international political and economic environment, poverty alleviation, advancing economic cooperation, funding mechanisms, security of sharp states, combating, terrorism, social, natural disasters and environmental challenges as an agenda for third decade of SAARC was also discussed in the Thirteenth Summit. Enhancing people-to-people co ntact and cultural cooperation, political cooperation and external linkages of SAARC was also discussed. SAARC member states welcomed the request by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan for membership and invited Afghanistan as a member, subject to the completion of formalities.SAARC member states also agreed in principle with the desire of the Peoples Republic of China and Japan to be associated as observers. The Agreement on Mutual Administrative aid in usance Matters Establishment of SAARC Arbitration Council, and the Limited 136 Pakistan Journal of story & Culture, Vol. XXVII/2 (2006) Agreement on Avoidance of recur Taxation and Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters were signed during the thirteenth SAARC Summit The Council of Ministers comprising Foreign Ministers, meets at least twice a year. Its functions include formulating policy, re enchanting progress of regional cooperation, identifying new areas of cooperation and establishing additional mechanisms that may be necessary.The Standing Committee comprising Foreign Secretaries, monitors and coordinates SAARC programmes of cooperation, approves catchs including their financing and mobilizes regional and external resources. It meets as often as necessary and reports to the Council of Ministers. The Association also convenes meetings at ministerial Level on specialized themes. The Committee on Economic Cooperation consisting of Secretaries of physician oversees regional cooperation in the economic field. During the Twelfth Summit in Islamabad, the SAARC affectionate Charter was signed in order to address social issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as population stabilization, empowerment of women, youth mobilization, human resource development, promotional material of health and nutrition, and protection of children, which are keys to the welfare and well-being of all South Asians.South Asian States give up adopted Conventions on the Suppression of Terrorism (including supernumerary Protocol signed in January 2004 in Islamabad), Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Trafficking in Women and Children, and Child Welfare in South Asia. An Agreement on nourishment Security Reserve is also in place. During the 12th SAARC diadem held in Islamabad the leading of South Asia reiterated their commitment to form South Asian Economic Union (SAEU). If formed, it will pave the way for more aspirant but entirely achievable goals such as a absolve craft Area, an Economic Union, open borders, and a common currency for the region. As electric chair Pervez Musharraf said, we must expand SAARC charter to discuss bilateral issues at the regional level. There can be no development in the absence of peace.There can be no peace, so long as political issues and disputes continue to fester. The Twelfth Summit renewed the urgency to deal with poverty in the region. For this purpose, the Summit come up toed the Independent South Asian rush on Poverty Alleviation (ISACPA) to submit to the next Summit a well-rounded and realistic blueprint setting out SAARC 14 President Pervez Musharrafs statement reported by M. Aftab, Can Safta lead to South Asian Economic Union? The News, 19 January, 2004. SAARC Origin, Growth, Potential and Achievements 137 Development Goals for the next five years in the areas of poverty alleviation, education, health and environment.The Governors of the rudimentary edges of member states under the auspices of SAARCFINANCE meet regularly to consider cooperation in financial matters. For strengthening cooperation in information and media related activities of the Association, the Heads of National video and Radio Organizations of member countries meet annually. Similarly, the SAARC Audio-Visual Exchange (SAVE) Committee disseminates information both on SAARC and its Member States through regular Radio and TV Programmes. In the field of education, the Member States cooperate through the forums of SACODiL (SAARC Consortium on pass and Distance Learning) and Heads of Universities Grants Commission/Equivalent Bodies.Memoranda of Understanding have been signed to promotecollaboration with UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on address and Development), UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund), UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific), UNDCP (United Nations Drug Control Programme), ITU (external Telecommunications Union), APT (Asia Pacific Tele society), WHO (World Health Organization), UNIFEM (Untied Nations Fund for Women), CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency), EC (European Commission), PTB (German Metrology Institute), WB (World Bank), ADB (Asian Development Bank), UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) and SACEP (South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme). Regular dialogues with other Regional Organizations such as ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations), ECO (Economic Cooperation Organizatio n) and PIFS (Pacific Islands assembly Secretariat) are held with a view to promoting cooperation among sub-regional organizations.The Association promotes interaction on multilateral issues of common concern to its members and has identified areas in which collective positions could be projected at international forums. These include trade, finance, environment, agriculture, women and children, information and telecommunications. Beyond official linkages, SAARC also encourages and comforts cooperation in private firmament through the SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCI), which is a SAARC Apex Body. other such bodies are SAARCLAW and South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA). In addition, the military position of SAARC Recognized Bodies has been accorded to professional groups in South Asia including Architects, Management 138 http//www. nihcr. edu. pk Pakistan Journal of History & Culture, Vol.XXVII/2 (2006) Development Institutions, University Women, Town Planners , Cardiologists, Dermatologists, Teachers, Writers, Insurance Organizations, Diploma Engineers, radiological and Surgical Care Societies. The Association of Speakers and Parliamentarians enjoy special recognition by the Heads of State or governing body. Achievements Several factors such as political, economic, security and capableness of mutual economic benefit through regionalism seem to have influenced President Ziaur Rahmans thinking about establishing a regional organization in South Asia. 15 SAARCs existence, however, has enabled South Asian political leaders to meet regularly and carry on liberal discussions to address their mutual problems.This is no mean achievement given South Asias then(prenominal) history and low level of interaction among South Asian countries since their independence. familiar talks among the leaders at regularly held SAARC meetings have led to inter-elite satisfaction on many sensitive issues, producing some noteworthy results in South Asia. The informal talks between the Indian and Pakistani Prime Ministers at the second SAARC Summit meeting at Bangalore in November 1986 led to the airing of tension between the two countries on the issue of Indias military exercise, Operation Brasstacks, on the Indo-Pakistan border, and the India-Sri Lanka talks at the 1987 SAARC foreign ministers meeting led to their accord on the Tamil problem.As a result of an informal meeting and discussion between Prime Minister of India and Pakistan, Narasimha Rao and Nawaz Sharif, at Davos (Switzerland), in 1992, the Pakistani government took action to prevent the move of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) to click the ceasefire line in Kashmir later that year. The Davos meeting was possible because of an earlier informal cartel between the two leaders at the sixth SAARC Summit meeting at Colombo in December 1991. Given this public-service corporation of SAARC, can the organization grow or expand its role in the coming decades? The He ads of State or Government during the Ninth SAARC Summit agreed for the first time that a transition of informal political consultations would prove useful in promoting peace, stability, amity and accelerated socio-economic cooperation in the region. The leaders reiterated this designing during their Tenth and Eleventh Summits in Colombo and Kathmandu respectively also.The Agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations have been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian Economic Union (SAEU), the Agreement on South Asian Free calling Area (SAFTA) was signed during the Twelfth Summit in Islamabad in January 2004. SAFTA may enter into force by the end of the year 2006. The Association has carried out Regional Studies on trade, manufactures and services, environment and poverty alleviation, SAFTA and Customs matters. Since its inception in 1984 there have also been serious differences among mem ber countries over the aims and functioning of SAARC. 6 Such differences have been pronounced in verbal bickerings in several SAARC meetings. This is in the face of the fact that close-hauled social, economic and cultural ties (the espoused ideals of SAARC) are considered the one and only hope for twist regional cooperation efforts in South Asia in the coming years. Indeed, increasing systematisation of world trade and the fluidity of the emerging spheric system has change magnitude trade within each trade bloc and those countries that do not belong to any trade blocs are likely to be the losers. 17 This also provides a strong rationale for sustaining the SAARC vis-a-vis future trade prospects of South Asia.The assumption that peace can be achieved through SAARC without addressing the political problems of the region has neither een able to cultivate peace nor to invigorate the SAARC process successfully. Though since its very inception it has been regularly able to hold Summit meetings yet there have been interruptions in 16 The main point of debate hinges on the Charter of SAARC which does not allow bilateral issues to be discussed at the regional level summit diplomacy. 17 B. S. Shreekantaradhya, orbiculateisation of Indian Economy Strategies and Constraints, S. Murty, The Changing Indian Economic Order (New Delhi Indus Economic Profile of the SAARC Member Countries In Afghanistan, real domestic product (GDP) is estimated to have reached 13. % in FY2007, owing to a strong recovery in agricultural production. Industry and services recorded dynamic growth of 13. 3% and 12. 4%, respectively. Construction was the main driver of industrial growth. In Bangladesh, GDP growth in FY2007 (ended June 2007) stood at 6. 5% underpinned by steady expansion in manufacturing and continued buoyancy in services, on the base of rising domestic and external demand ( think 1). Figure 1 Economic Growth in SAARC Region 2007 (percent) Source Asian Development come outlook 2 008, ADB Source Direction of Trade Statistics Year Book 2007, IMF. Bhutans real GDP in FY2007 (ended June 2007) is estimated to have grown by 17. %. This was driven by growth in power sector (with a GDP share of 11. 3% in FY2006) resulting from the fit out of the 1,020 megawatt (MW) Tala hydropower station, which has been phased in since July 2006. In India, the impressive economic performance of the yesteryear fewer years continued with real GDP growth at 9. 0% in 2007-08, as compared to 9. 6% in the previous year. The real GDP of Maldives grew by 6. 6% in 2007, reverting to its historical growth way of life after the post-tsunami contraction in 2005. Tourism, the leading sector with around third base share of GDP, grew by 10. 0%. Real GDP growth of Nepal moderated to 2. 3% in FY2007 (endedmidJuly 2007) from 3. 1% in FY2006, resulting from subdued performances of agriculture and industry. Real GDP growth of Pakistan continued to remain strong for the fourth consecutive year re gistering a growth of 7. 0% in FY2007 (ended June 2007). During 2007, Sri Lanka continued to register strong real GDP growth of 6. 7%, as compared to 7. 7% in 2006. Trend in Foreign Trade and Trade Policies SAARCs Global Trade During the year 2000 to 2006, the match exportations of SAARC countries have change magnitude from US$ 63. 5 cardinal to US$ 161. 4 billion. The get along imports of SAARC countries also have change magnitude from US$ 79. 5 billion in 2000 to US$ 255. 3 billion in 2006.Among the SAARC countries, India led both in terms of exports and imports, followed by Pakistan and Bangladesh. Intra-SAARC Trade Total intra-SAARC exports have increased from US$ 2. 8 billion in 2000 to US$ 10. 8 billion in 2006, registering nearly a four-fold rise during the period. As a result, intra-SAARC exports, as a proportion of SAARC global exports, have risen from 4. 5% in 2000 to 6. 7% in 2006. Intra-exports of the SAARC countries were dominated by India, followed by Pakistan an d Sri Lanka. The total intra-SAARC imports have also increased more than three-fold from US$ 3. 0 billion in 2000 to US$ 9. 6 billion in 2006. Intra-SAARC imports ere dominated by Sri Lanka, followed by India. Figure 2 depicts the trend in intra-SAARC trade (exports plus imports) vis-a-vis trend in SAARCs global trade. A comparison of the trends would highlight the buoyancy in intra- SAARC trade peculiarly after 2003, as compared to SAARCs global trade. Trade Policies Trade repose in South Asia started with a series of sweeping reforms in Sri Lanka in 1977/78. For the rest of South Asia, the 1980s and 1990s saw substantial reductions of tariffs and phasing out of quantitative restrictions (QRs), along with liberalisation of the exchange regimes. Developments in SAARC Trade desegregation SAARC Preferential Trade Agreement SAPTA) was signed at the seventh SAARC summit in 1993, in Dhaka. The agreement provides a framework and institutional base for trade liberalisation and economic cooperation between the seven SAARC member countries. The agreement provides for the exchange of concessions between SAPTA members on tariffs, para-tariff and non-tariff barriers. It envisages four basic approaches to the exchange of trade preferences (1) product-by-product (2) across- the-board (3) sectoral and (4) direct trade measures. South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) extends the scope of SAPTA to include trade facilitation elements and switches the tariff liberalisation rocess from a exacting to a negative list approach. Foreign Direct investment funds in the SAARC Region Private capital flows to South Asia was largely driven by India, which received the majority of capital flows to the region. The total FDI inflows into the SAARC region have increased from US$ 5. 6 billion in 2000 to US$ 22. 3 billion in 2006. FDI outflows from the SAARC region have increased from US$ 350 mn in 2000 to US$ 9. 8 billion in 2006. Indias Trade and Investment Relations with SAARC Trade Rel ations Indias exports to the SAARC region increased from US$ 2. 8 billion in 2002-03 to US$ 6. 5 billion in 2006-07 (Figure 3). Amongst the SAARC members, Sri Lanka is the largest arket, accounting for 35% of Indias blue thistle Magenta Black Blue Magenta Black Brief on New Publications SAARC An Emerging Trade Bloc Exim Bank Research Brief No. 38, June 2008 3 Figure 3 Trend in Indias Trade in SAARC Region (US$ mn) Source Ministry of Commerce and Industry, GOI total exports in the SAARC region during 2006-07, followed by Bangladesh (25%), Pakistan (21%) and Nepal (14%). An outline of the trend in Indias exports to the SAARC region during the period 2002-03 to 2006-07 reveals that, while exports to all the SAARC members have registered a rise, Indias exports to Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nepal have exhibited distinct buoyancy. While Indias exports toPakistan registered a six-fold rise during the five-year period, exports to Afghanistan and to Nepal also rose three-fold and two and h alf-fold, respectively, during the period. Indias imports from the SAARC region have also risen from US$ 531. 5 mn in 2002-03 to US$ 1. 5 billion in 2006-07, depicting almost a three-fold rise during the period. Sri Lanka is again the leading partner, accounting for 31% of Indias total imports from the region during 2006-07, followed by Pakistan (21%), Nepal (20%), Bangladesh (15%) and Bhutan (9%). The robust rise in Indias total imports from the SAARC during the period 2002-03 to 2006-07 has been underpinned by the sharp ncrease in imports from Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Bangladesh. India generally maintains a positivist trade balance with the other SAARC member countries, and the trade surplus have risen from US$ 2. 3 billion in 2002-03 to US$ 5. 0 billion in 2006-07. Investment Relations The total foreign direct investments (sanctioned) from India to other SAARC countries amounted to US$ 312. 8 mn during April 1996 to December 2007. Among the SAARC countries, Sri Lanka (US$ 153. 1 mn) was the major destination of Indian investment followed by Nepal (US$ 87. 2 mn). During January 2005 to December 2007, 33 joint ventures (JVs) and 42 wholly owned subsidiaries (WOSs) have been pproved in the SAARC countries. Out of this, 1 JV was clear in Afghanistan, 7 JVs and 8 WOSs were approved in Bangladesh, 2 JVs in Maldives, 2 JVs and 6 WOSs in Nepal, 1 JV in Bhutan, and 20 JVs and 28 WOSs in Sri Lanka. Areas of investment approved include engineering goods, electrical equipments, pesticides, readymade garments, cables and wires, plastic & plastic products, coat products and textiles. Total investments of SAARC countries to India have amounted to US$ 11. 7 mn during April 2000 to February 2008. Among all the SAARC countries, Sri Lanka was the largest source of FDI with US$ 8. 5 mn during the period, followed by Maldives (US$ 3. 1 mn).The investment flows between India and Sri Lanka have increased mainly after the implementation of India Sri Lanka Free Trade A greement (ISLFTA). Exim Bank in the SAARC Region Export-Import Bank of India (Exim Bank) operates a comprehensive range of financing, advisory and support programmes to promote and facilitate Indias trade and investment relations with the SAARC region. In the SAARC region, the Bank has supported several Indian project exporters to execute contracts in countries such as _ Hydroelectric project (Tala project), tunnel house, and dam construction in Bhutan _ Road improvement projects, railroad construction and maintenance, gas turbine power plant project, lectrical substations, cement plant project, transmittance line project, and conveyor belt project in Bangladesh _ Steel, local earpiece network, transmission lines, sub-stations, out door LED video system for cricket matches, and diesel fired power project in Sri Lanka _ Transmission lines and substations, oculus fibre cable project, hydro electric projects, and irrigation projects in Nepal, and _ Air-conditioning & electro mec hanical work at Male Airport in Maldives. The Bank, in order to inspection and repair Indian companies in their internationalisation efforts, provides term loans to them, both for equity investment in their ventures overseas. Besides, Exim Bank lso undertakes direct equity stake in Indian ventures abroad, to enable Indian companies to supplement their equity with Exim Banks contribution. To facilitate Indian presence in the SAARC region, the Bank has supported joint ventures by Indian companies in several sectors, including _ Pharmaceuticals, steel and glass sectors in Sri Lanka _ galvanic sector in Bangladesh, and _ Engineering goods and textile sectors in Nepal. Exim Bank extends Lines of recognise (LOCs) to overseas financial institutions, foreign governments and their agencies, enabling them to finance EXIM BANK ORGANISES SEMINAR ON REGIONAL ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL COOPERATION IN ASIAExim Bank of India unionised a Seminar on Regional Economic and Financial Cooperation in Asi a on October 5, 2005 as a curtain raiser for the 11th Annual contact of Asian Exim Banks being held from October 5-7, 2005 in Goa. The Forum of Asian Exim Banks comprises 9 Asian countries, viz. India, Japan, China, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Australia with Asian Development Bank, Manila, the multilateral financing institution as a permanent invitee. The Forum has an Annual Meeting hosted by a member country by rotation. The Forum was conceived and initiated by Exim Bank of India in 1996. After a decade, Exim Banks of India is again hosting the Annual Meeting. Honble heading Minister of Goa, Shri Pratapsingh Raoji Rane was the Chief Guest and inaugurated the Seminar. Other dignitaries who spoke at the Seminar included Mr. T. C.Venkat Subramanian, Chairman Managing Director, Exim Bank of India, Dr. Ashok Lahiri, Chief Economic Adviser, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, Dr. Nagesh Kumar, Director General, Research and Information System, New Delhi , Mr. Werner Liepach, Principal Director, Asian Development Bank, Manila and Mr. Lamon Rutten, Chief, Commodity Finance risk of infection Management, UNCTAD Geneva. The seminar was attended by the members of the Asian Exim Banks Forum at the highest level, special invitees, a cross-section of the industry and the academia. In his welcome address, Mr. Subramanian highlighted the growing greatness of the Asian region in global trade and investment with Asia accounting for 27% of world trade.He, observed that intra-Asian trade at US$ 625 bn (42% of total exports of Asian countries) was not commensurate with the potential that exists for trade flows among the Asian economies and is much glower than intra-EU and intra-NAFTA trade. Mr. Subramanian also highlighted the sharp rise in Indo-China trade in the past few years catapulting China to become Indias largest source of imports and 3rd largest export destination. Giving the theme address, Dr. Nagesh Kumar underscored the significanc e of regional cooperation among the economies of Asia, particularly considering that the region is root to the fastest emerging economies of the world. Besides sub-regional initiatives in the framework of ASEAN, SAARC and others, broader economic integration initiatives are under way.He argued that there is a strong case for ASEAN, Japan, China, India and Korea working together to realise the Asian dream. Congratulating Exim Bank of India for initiating a decade back, a Forum of Asian Exim Banks to forge stronger regional economic cooperation among the Asian countries, Dr. Ashok Lahiri in his keynote address noted with interest the wide range of issues to be covered at the 11th Annual Asian Exim Banks meeting. While underlining the importance of regional cooperation, Dr. Lahiri cited the example of ADBs initiative of the Greater Mekong Subregion in which six countries entered into a programme of subregional economic cooperation to enhance economic relations among themselves. Dr.Lah iri also explained the Government of Indias initiatives, particularly the Look East policy, to forge stronger ties with the Asian economies for promoting trade and investment. Commending the Asian Exim Banks community for creating a forum for economic cooperation and sharing of knowledge, Shri Pratapsingh Rane, Honble Chief Minister of Goa hoped that the Forum would suggest policies that would provide fillip to states/regional level, economic growth in the larger context of intra-Asian economic cooperation. Highlighting the investor-friendly economic environment of Goa, Mr. Rane emphasise the emergence of the state as a major destination for foreign investment and outlined the various measures taken by his Government.

Genetically Modified Organisms- a Step Ahead or a Step in the Wrong Direction?

agenttic tout ensembley change beingnesss- a step ahead or a step in the wrong direction? Paulina Langowska genically change organisms, likewise known as GMO, atomic number 18 such organisms whose transmissible material has been by artificial means changed exploitation hereditary plan. Genetic design, to put it simply, is altering the desoxyribonucleic acid technology, using DNA molecules from divers(a) organisms and using this molecules to constitute a brand advanced set of genes. so the set of genes is added to an organisms genome. Below is stagen an counterchange of genes in corn whisky, which is divinatory to protect it from various insects.Genetic engine room apprize in like manner change the colour in of the congeal, make it repellant to difficult w polish offher conditions, insects and viruses. The beginnings of transmitted engineering backpack us back to the socio-economic class 1973, when the first recombinant bacteria- a bacteria that has b een contractableally circumscribed- was framed. It was Escherichia coli, which from that slur on became a popular testing ground rat employ in genetic engineering. This creation led to discussions whether genetic modifications argon golosh and needed. The first conference when potential health risks were discussed took devote in 1975.In deeply 1980s in the States and Canada began an experimental wont of genetic engineered plants in a small scale. In 1990s, after the compliment for a larger scale, genetic engineering was more than widely allot across the countries. From that point on, the interest in genetically modified organisms grew year by year. However, til now though genetically modified organisms halt gained population, the benefits of it and its harmlessness is disput equal to(p). Researches on science laboratory pets show galore(postnominal) harmful consequences. roughly scientists decided to try and nutriment rats with genetic engineered potatoes. It was conjectural to make them defecate their own instinctive insect powder. remedy the results werent b atomic number 18ly as they were expected. Rats cells developed in a proliferative modal value and potentially good dealcerous cells. Also, the development of their brain and sustainr was inhibited and they suffered from an repellent system cost. Also, an separate research was adopte in Russian academy of Sciences. This time, womanly rats were ply genetically modified soybean plant before and during maternal quality and also hile nutrition their offspring. This time, the results included * Ab aside 55% of offspring died during 3 weeks after the brook (comp atomic number 18d to 9% of mortality among those ply with non-genetically modified soy) * take was signifi foottly little compargond to other as tumefy as their organs (heart, liver, kidneys, and so on ) * near(prenominal) mothers and their children were genuinely aggressive and anxious * When male and female (both form genetically modified soy cater mother) were paired, they were unable to conceptualise children.Although the results of this experiments are to be interpreted with a grain of salt, they are still alarming and pitiful referable to the wide discrepancies between the GM soy fed rats and the restraint ones. The health damages found in rats fed with genetically modified potatoes is just as untold worrying. The reason rats are used for such experiments is that their morphology and biochemical structures are very akin to the human ones. That is wherefore those experiments, as well as similar ones, nurture an essential gesture- is genetically modified aliment harmful to muckle.The answer to this question is very disputable. round scientists cl organize that genetically modified foods are whole safe and differently they wouldnt be approved. moreover there are numerous articles virtually possible harmful effects of genetically modified foods and they cant be ignored. The main concern is allergies. Main aim of getting a immature set of gene to an organisms genome is to create a new protein and every protein is potentially triggering to allergic reactions. The bother with GM foods is that its protein are completely new and we cant be sure near its effect.Truth be told, commonwealth (mainly in USA, where genetic engineered food is the most(prenominal) common) a good deal consume GM products without being aware of it- if you live in the USA and ate cheddar cheese cheese in the bypast few eld it is more than likely that you ate a genetically manipulated food, since genetic engineering is currently the most successful in cheddar cheese. well-nigh severalise that genetically modified products they un provideingly consumed are to groundwork accused for their new allergies. Other concerns involve immunity system damage and stunted organ growth, however they are largely seen in lab pets and are merely to be proved to occur.Another reason why genetic engineering receives so more criticism from the ethical point of view. Because if we can change genes in cheese or potatoes, whats stopping us from changing genes in people? Scientists and psychologists are afraid that genetic engineering will dumbfound so developed that designing unborn children will happen on a daily basis. Parents will choose gender, height, haircloth color etc. From this point theres not such(prenominal) to go to create an artificial world, ruled by genetic engineering, aspect like taken out of Huxleys book.Futhermore, genetically modified organisms have a considerable impact on our environment. One of the problems is gene flow. Gene flow is a natural occurring phenomenon that results in getting one organisms DNA and transporting it to some other(prenominal) one, be it from the same species or not. Some people are afraid that the engineered genes may spread and push out other, not modificated, plants. yet another drawback is that they can be har mful to other organisms. Genetic engineering in plants such as crop is mostly focused on creating a defensive system against insects.But often, the newly created insecticide can be harmful to other, non-target organisms. Some sources agree that the existence of genetically engineered maize most commonly found in corn had a negavite impact on population of monarch notwithstandingterflies living near the field, because they fed with plants dusted by the pollen from the corn maize. Both these phenomenas can led to destroying natural biodiversity. So this leads us to a question if genetic engineering has so much dis improvements, why is it still make and money is spent for researches?The lawfulness is that even if it has many drawbacks, it still have many advantages that for rough people are cost all the effort. Negative poster close to GM foods One of them is that it is verbalize to encourage us create food that is much more nutritious. It can be done by inserting a unique(pre dicate) genes that are supposed(p) to elicit vitamins etc. to various crops. A well known encase is inserting the gene make the vitamin A levels in sieve much advanceder. sift feeds currently more than 50% of the world population, but is not high in vitamins and other nutrients.Modifying it in such a way that It contains more vitamin A could help come down deficiency resulting in blindness. If it was to be done successfully with other food products it would probably genuinely help with flake the malnutrition in third world or create countries. Moreover, genetic engineering can decrease crop visitation. Crop failure is a very bighearted issue and it is said to increase due to climate changes. Because of them, scathe of food gets higher, some countries need to ban all the export of some products (for example Russia banning wheat export in 2010) and ometimes it even gets so bad country really suffers from famine, especially when we take developing countries. Thats why GM Os are so tempting to scientist. They guard potential for making plants more resistant to various insects and plant diseases. Some corn pass water very much food but dont champion themselves again insects while other that are able to repel insects cannot produce this much food. Therefore, scientists hope that they can combine these to and create a corn and then other plants that repel insects while producing big amounts of food.This also results in using o plants much less chemicals in order to reduce insect and disease damage. These chemicals hardly hurt our environment. give thanks to adoption of genetically engineered of corn, cotton and soybeans during years 1997 and 1998 farmers used 8. 2 million fewer pounds of chemicals. Furthermore, genetically modified organisms are also more resistant to getting invade or choked up by widows weeds and other plants fleck for the same nutrients. This results in weeds dying out, leave room for crop.This and making plants more resista nt to insects and diseases makes GMO very profitable. According to some economists, in 2007 farmers do additional $10 billion due to introducing gnetic engineered plants. so far another advantage of genetic engineering is the fact that it can help us produce new, far more effective vaccines and medicines. Also they can create another form of them- edible vaccines. The inclination is to put practice of medicine into some plants genes and distribute it around the world so that people eat it and get what they need.Scientists have already developed a transgenic potato, that prevented rats from getting rotavirus and E. coli. Hopefully, this idea will get developed and adopted in life, because this could help serious health problems, for example in countries of the third world. To conclude, genetic engineering is a very controversial subject and it surely demand more research. But it holds great potential for fixing many issues, many of them considering developing countries and peopl e dying of starvation. Probably, as more and more investigation is done, health problems are going to be solved.Bibliography Pictures (in order of appearance) 1. http//www. ces. ncsu. edu/resources/crops/ag546-1/helixes3. jpg date 8. 05. 2011 writer unknown 2. Genetic Roulette The Documented wellness Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods Jeffrey M. metalworker publisher Chelsea Green, 2007 3. http//www. news. cornell. edu/ muniment/99/5. 20. 99/caterpillars. JPEG date 8. 05. 2011 Kent Loeffler 4. http//www. anunews. net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/aa-frankenfood-cartoon-good-one1. jpg date 8. 05. 2011 reservoir unknown Books and webpages 1. Genetic Roulette The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods Jeffrey M. metalworker publisher Chelsea Green, 2007 2. Seeds of deception Exposing industry and government lies about the safety of the genetically engineered foods youre eating Jeffrey M. Smith, publisher Yes Books, 2003 3. http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/20 10/10/101007092817. htm reprinted from materials provided by Univeristy of Leeds, 7. 10. 2010 (date of publishing) 4. http//www. suite101. com/content/the-benefits-of-genetically-modified-food-crops-a218670 Andy Luttrel 28. 3. 2010 (date of publishing) 5. http//www. ehow. com/list_6019041_advantages-benefits-gmo. hypertext markup language Gregory Hamel 8. 05. 2011 (date of using) 6. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism Yobot 6. 05. 2011 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 . http//www. ces. ncsu. edu/resources/crops/ag546-1/ 2 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismHistory 3 . http//www. seedsofdeception. com/documentFiles/120. pdf 4 . http//www. suite101. com/content/the-benefits-of-genetically-modified-food-crops-a218670Genetically Modified Organisms- a Step Ahead or a Step in the Wrong Direction?Genetically modified organisms- a step ahead or a step in the wrong direction? Paulina Langowska Genet ically modified organisms, also known as GMO, are such organisms whose genetic material has been artificially changed using genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, to put it simply, is altering the DNA technology, using DNA molecules from various organisms and using this molecules to create a brand new set of genes. Then the set of genes is added to an organisms genome. Below is shown an exchange of genes in corn, which is supposed to protect it from various insects.Genetic engineering can also change the color of the plant, make it resistant to difficult weather conditions, insects and viruses. The beginnings of genetic engineering take us back to the year 1973, when the first recombinant bacteria- a bacteria that has been genetically modified- was created. It was Escherichia coli, which from that point on became a popular lab rat used in genetic engineering. This creation led to discussions whether genetic modifications are safe and needed. The first conference when potential he alth risks were discussed took place in 1975.In late 1980s in USA and Canada began an experimental usage of genetic engineered plants in a small scale. In 1990s, after the approval for a larger scale, genetic engineering was more widely spread across the countries. From that point on, the interest in genetically modified organisms grew year by year. However, even though genetically modified organisms have gained population, the benefits of it and its harmlessness is disputable. Researches on lab pets show many harmful consequences.Some scientists decided to try and feed rats with genetic engineered potatoes. It was supposed to make them produce their own natural insecticide. But the results werent exactly as they were expected. Rats cells developed in a proliferative way and potentially cancerous cells. Also, the development of their brain and liver was inhibited and they suffered from an immune system damage. Also, another research was done in Russian Academy of Sciences. This time , female rats were fed genetically modified soy before and during pregnancy and also hile feeding their offspring. This time, the results included * About 55% of offspring died during 3 weeks after the birth (compared to 9% of mortality among those fed with non-genetically modified soy) * Offspring was significantly smaller compared to other as well as their organs (heart, liver, kidneys, etc. ) * Both mothers and their children were very aggressive and anxious * When male and female (both form genetically modified soy fed mother) were paired, they were unable to conceive children.Although the results of this experiments are to be taken with a grain of salt, they are still alarming and disturbing due to the wide discrepancies between the GM soy fed rats and the control ones. The health damages found in rats fed with genetically modified potatoes is just as much worrying. The reason rats are used for such experiments is that their morphology and biochemical structures are very simila r to the human ones. That is why those experiments, as well as similar ones, provoke an essential question- is genetically modified food harmful to people.The answer to this question is very disputable. Some scientists claim that genetically modified foods are completely safe and otherwise they wouldnt be approved. But there are numerous articles about possible harmful effects of genetically modified foods and they cant be ignored. The main concern is allergies. Main aim of getting a new set of gene to an organisms genome is to create a new protein and every protein is potentially triggering to allergic reactions. The problem with GM foods is that its protein are completely new and we cant be sure about its effect.Truth be told, people (mainly in USA, where genetic engineered food is the most common) often consume GM products without being aware of it- if you live in the USA and ate cheddar cheese in the past few years it is more than likely that you ate a genetically manipulated fo od, since genetic engineering is currently the most successful in cheddar cheese. Some say that genetically modified products they unwillingly consumed are to stand accused for their new allergies. Other concerns involve immunity system damage and stunted organ growth, however they are mostly seen in lab pets and are yet to be proved to occur.Another reason why genetic engineering receives so many criticism from the ethical point of view. Because if we can change genes in cheese or potatoes, whats stopping us from changing genes in people? Scientists and psychologists are afraid that genetic engineering will become so developed that designing unborn children will happen on a daily basis. Parents will choose gender, height, hair color etc. From this point theres not much to go to create an artificial world, ruled by genetic engineering, looking like taken out of Huxleys book.Futhermore, genetically modified organisms have a huge impact on our environment. One of the problems is gene flow. Gene flow is a natural occurring phenomenon that results in getting one organisms DNA and transporting it to another one, be it from the same species or not. Some people are afraid that the engineered genes may spread and push out other, not modificated, plants. Yet another drawback is that they can be harmful to other organisms. Genetic engineering in plants such as crop is mostly focused on creating a defensive system against insects.But often, the newly created insecticide can be harmful to other, non-target organisms. Some sources agree that the existence of genetically engineered maize most commonly found in corn had a negavite impact on population of monarch butterflies living near the field, because they fed with plants dusted by the pollen from the corn maize. Both these phenomenas can led to destroying natural biodiversity. So this leads us to a question if genetic engineering has so much disadvantages, why is it still done and money is spent for researches?The truth is that even if it has many drawbacks, it still have many advantages that for some people are worth all the effort. Negative poster about GM foods One of them is that it is said to help us create food that is much more nutritious. It can be done by inserting a specific genes that are supposed to produce vitamins etc. to various crops. A well known case is inserting the gene making the vitamin A levels in rice much higher. Rice feeds currently more than 50% of the world population, but is not high in vitamins and other nutrients.Modifying it in such a way that It contains more vitamin A could help reduce deficiency resulting in blindness. If it was to be done successfully with other food products it would probably really help with fighting the malnutrition in third world or developing countries. Moreover, genetic engineering can decrease crop failure. Crop failure is a very big issue and it is said to increase due to climate changes. Because of them, price of food gets higher, some c ountries need to ban all the export of some products (for example Russia banning wheat export in 2010) and ometimes it even gets so bad country really suffers from famine, especially when we consider developing countries. Thats why GMOs are so tempting to scientist. They hold potential for making plants more resistant to various insects and plant diseases. Some corn produce very much food but dont defend themselves again insects while other that are able to repel insects cannot produce this much food. Therefore, scientists hope that they can combine these to and create a corn and then other plants that repel insects while producing big amounts of food.This also results in using o plants much less chemicals in order to reduce insect and disease damage. These chemicals seriously hurt our environment. Thanks to adoption of genetically engineered of corn, cotton and soybeans during years 1997 and 1998 farmers used 8. 2 million fewer pounds of chemicals. Furthermore, genetically modified organisms are also more resistant to getting overrun or choked up by weeds and other plants fighting for the same nutrients. This results in weeds dying out, leaving room for crop.This and making plants more resistant to insects and diseases makes GMO very profitable. According to some economists, in 2007 farmers made additional $10 billion due to introducing gnetic engineered plants. Yet another advantage of genetic engineering is the fact that it can help us produce new, far more effective vaccines and medicines. Also they can create another form of them- edible vaccines. The idea is to put medication into some plants genes and distribute it around the world so that people eat it and get what they need.Scientists have already developed a transgenic potato, that prevented rats from getting rotavirus and E. coli. Hopefully, this idea will get developed and adopted in life, because this could help serious health problems, for example in countries of the third world. To conclude, gen etic engineering is a very controversial subject and it surely needs more research. But it holds great potential for fixing many issues, many of them considering developing countries and people dying of starvation. Probably, as more and more investigation is done, health problems are going to be solved.Bibliography Pictures (in order of appearance) 1. http//www. ces. ncsu. edu/resources/crops/ag546-1/helixes3. jpg date 8. 05. 2011 author unknown 2. Genetic Roulette The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods Jeffrey M. Smith publisher Chelsea Green, 2007 3. http//www. news. cornell. edu/chronicle/99/5. 20. 99/caterpillars. JPEG date 8. 05. 2011 Kent Loeffler 4. http//www. anunews. net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/aa-frankenfood-cartoon-good-one1. jpg date 8. 05. 2011 author unknown Books and webpages 1. Genetic Roulette The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods Jeffrey M. Smith publisher Chelsea Green, 2007 2. Seeds of deception Exposing industry and government lies about the safety of the genetically engineered foods youre eating Jeffrey M. Smith, publisher Yes Books, 2003 3. http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/10/101007092817. htm reprinted from materials provided by Univeristy of Leeds, 7. 10. 2010 (date of publishing) 4. http//www. suite101. com/content/the-benefits-of-genetically-modified-food-crops-a218670 Andy Luttrel 28. 3. 2010 (date of publishing) 5. http//www. ehow. com/list_6019041_advantages-benefits-gmo. html Gregory Hamel 8. 05. 2011 (date of using) 6. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism Yobot 6. 05. 2011 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 . http//www. ces. ncsu. edu/resources/crops/ag546-1/ 2 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismHistory 3 . http//www. seedsofdeception. com/documentFiles/120. pdf 4 . http//www. suite101. com/content/the-benefits-of-genetically-modified-food-crops-a218670

Penfolds Grange Brand Prism

It was released in 1951 and kept it position for more than 50 years. But in 2009, Pinfolds launched a special bottle, it was considered as a wrong action of it because that reduced the appraise of Grange. That is the reason our marketing plan is revitalization Grange, which bequeath be launched in 2014. Before making a detail MIMIC plan, I will create the label identity for Pinfolds Grange relying on the brand identity prism of Seaf ber (2008). Brand identity prism is a diagrammatically analysis to hear one brand which is presented by a hexagonal prism.It illustrates that brand cite has six facets which argon Physique, Personality, Culture, Relationship, Reflection and Self-image. Fanfold Grange is a vintage vino which is recognizable with a concentrated, distinctive, individual style record for cellaring performance. It is seen as an authentic verbalise of Australian fine booze and the strength of Pinfolds wine-colouredmaking last and heritage. A brand has mannikin, ac cording Keller, combines of either salient objective features (brand cognizantness) or emergent ones. Physique is not only backbone of brand still to a fault its tangible added value.It may include product features, brand attributes and benefits. Simply, brand physique are basic things relying on it, customer hobo recognize and aware of the brand. The Pinfolds Grange displays unique character and style and reflects the essence of Pinfolds winemaking philosophy and provenance. It utilizes fully-ripe, intensely-favored and unsmooth Shirrs grapes. It has an interesting history, an unbroken line of ware since the very source vintage, self-consistent case in each vintage, worldwide claim, vastevity and limited production.Pinfolds Grange is fluid loyal with the dark color, the design is quite simple and original but elegant with the sign of Pinfolds which is the red Pinfolds signature. Two main colors are white and red of the label which is not only for Grange but in like mann er or all lines of Pinfolds and the early Grange label looked like a impression stamp an bring inive one. Although Pinfolds is famous with many kinds of wine lines, Grange is still Australias virtually famous red wine regarded as Australia icon which most great deal pay back heard of or at least in passing. It was released in 1951 and kept it position for more than 50 years.This is a wonderfully distinguished and a magic vintage. The Grange style is the original and most powerful odour of Pinfolds multinational, multi- district, blending philosophy. Pinfolds are the masters at understanding the power f an iconic sub-brand delivering a positive halo over the full brand range. Every year when the spic-and-span vintage is released it becomes a media event of pregnant proportions. Pinfolds Grange once again graced the prestigious Top 100 list of the US magazine Wine Spectator, having already been named in their Millennium edition as one of the Top 100 wines of the 20th centu ry.Granges engender won 111 silver medals in shows, 63 silvers and 33 bronzes, 26 trophies and six championship awards, by chance seven or eight now. There are three intrude Watson trophies, in 1964, 1966 and 1968. All of these things make Granges reputation that every people can recall to the highest degree it whenever they heard about it and it will be long lasting over the years. A brand has a nature. Personality is about what kind of person Grange would be if it were human including character and attitude. The human personality traits that are relevant for Pinfolds Grange which are sophisticated, classic, elegant and reliable.Pinfolds Grange is truly a unique brand from the first day it was released until now. A brand is a culture which takes a holistic view of the organization, its origins and the value it stands for. Every brand should fool its own culture which is not only a concrete bureau but to a fault a means of communication and it is no inquiry that Pinfolds G range really did it. Grange is the product of Australian culture regarded as the pride of Australian about one of the most famous wine in the world.If Frenchman is sublime of their Champagne, to Australians, that is Grange-the Australias icon. Grange is not Just a symbol of luxury red wine in Australia, it is Australian image in the international wine market. Pinfolds and Grange in particular is always representative of Australia now and in the future. Limited production and Just lease in a period of time also make the culture of Grange. The Grange fruit is from particular area, here is the grapes from Grange vineyard at Magical, South Australia. This is also a factor that makes Grange become special and have its own culture.Because Pinfolds Grange is known as a luxury red wine line, the cultural facet is more meaningful in differentiating its brand which refers to its key ideals and to its sets of values. A brand is a relationship the strength of the relationship amongst the br and and customer. The Wall Street Journal has even published a DOD Jones Grange Index the accompanying text was, Wine lovers remember their first Grange the way they remember their first kiss . Pinfolds advertisements carry the slogan To those who do things for love not money and its also adapted to Grange.The relationship amongst Pinfolds Grange and its customers are trust, consistent, dependability and exclusiveness. This is reflected by the loyalty of customers to their favorite wine brand. Grange was first released in 1951, but until now it is still the most famous wine and attract amount of number wine lovers who are willing wait for its new line ear by year despite the price rises and depict tensions, even promote this brand among others. It means that Fanfold Grange has built the trust and strong consistent in its customers mind by its quality and reputation themselves.Although Grange was launched in the market for more than five decades, it still has strong sales. The rela tionship between Pinfolds Grange and its customers is also stronger because Pinfolds always envelop its users with the image they want to signal to their well-disposed surroundings. A brand is a customer reflection. When mentioning about brand reflection, it is about he customer should be reflected as he or she wishes to be seen as a result of using a brand. Pinfolds Grange is the sort of wine language for people who have deep pockets need to hear.Target segment of Pinfolds is the customers who line in medium and high disposable income, general from business background, have an average age of 35 plus, and are very loyal to a brand and aware of the wines in the market. In addition, these customers demand high quality wines with taste and texture. That is the reason why prestige, discerning and high social stead are the thoughts of others to Grange lovers when they drink this wine. In addition, person who drinks Pinfolds wine seems to be boffo and looks like enjoying her/his no-h it life.A brand speaks to our self-image. Different from reflection which is how others see the brands users, self-image is the feeling of users themselves when they use the brand. Pinfolds lovers in general and Grange in particular, feel confident and sophisticated when they drink this wine due to they are enjoying one of the most luxury and the highest quality in the world. Moreover, they feel special because we all know that with its buxom and high-cost wine label, Pinfolds Grange would push their grandmothers over for.And its clearly cemented itself as a fall in worthy of someone whos Just been elected premier of Australias most inhabited state. A customer might see himself fabulous and dependent of drinking Pinfolds Grange. Customers wish to display themselves that they are a part of conjunction in which people have social approval, they are elegant, sophisticated and successful when they choose Pinfolds Grange. In conclusion, this brand identity prism is a assistive tool in positioning Pinfolds Grange in the wine market at the current time which help our group come up with a MIMIC plan for the release event of Grange in next October.

Technique of Indirect Characterization in “The Great Gatsby”

There is no single work of publications in the world, where a full, completed characterization of a person would be, no matter if he/she is the main character, or does not play some(prenominal) role in the myth at all. The main opinion is to gain an picture of a character through actions of others, and as it gets more(prenominal) complicated, the greater romance becomes. In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby the author uses the technique of verificatory characterization to make the reader feel the atmosphere of the society of the nineteen-twenties by analyzing its behavior.Gatsby, the true representative of all the greatness, richness, and beautifulness of the item, plays the main role in the novel by being the most mysterious and fabulous person. This is the reason wherefore everyone talks ab divulge him and creates various rumors about his enigmatic life. break off and Jordan withal play important roles. Their main job is to transmit the Gatsbys character. During their comm encement exercise meeting they mentioned Gatsbys name only once, but then it became ordinary and kept being talked about.When they first kissed, Jordan had already told Nick about Gatsbys love to Daisy. These discussions tied them together. And as the relationship between Nick and Jordan becomes closer, more information the reader gets from the novel. There is another situation when Nick finds out some negative characteristics of Jordan, such as carelessness, the unsuccessful time period of Gatsbys life becomes being known by Nick, and so, by the reader.Nicks company makes Gatsby feel more comfortable and opened. He is not afraid of being trustful with him, because recognizes an unaffected person in Nick, it reminds Gatsby of himself. Nick, in his turn, finds out some characteristics of Gatsby, and creates an image of a swift, strong, and sometimes embarrassed man. The idea of manipulating characters in order to describe someone in a novel makes the reader think on the work, try to reorganize thoughts, and complete the image of the character.

Media Convergence Essay

What is meant by the term media convergence with look at to technology, and how has it affected everyday life? For technology, media convergence is when different media come unitedly to do a similar task. The conveyer child for this is the intelligent shout. yearn phones are used to talk, text, electronic mail, social network, school, business, web browsing, and take picture and video. at that place are things that Im sure I missed, but the smart phone has become the epicenter of technological convergence. I spend a lot of my time on my phone posting and promoting for my business. I give jewelry, cat pads, and blankets so I make my items, take a picture, post it to my Etsy page, and promote my store with my phone.When I get an order, I get an email to my phone I contact the buyer for details, and take payments whole with my phone. With red ink to school, I need to check up on the forums to read and respond per class requirements. It makes it easy to do my schoolwork when I m not home at my laptop. I can pull up the recitation for the class on my document reader on my phone and witch up while Im out and about. I take a shit a six month old and I love victorious his picture I take his picture and post it on Facebook, Instagram, and dismiss it to my family.My family lives in another state so I use my phone to do FaceTime with them so we can see each other all the time. The smartphone has made productivity so much easier because its all in one place and instant gratification is satisfied. For some people, the smartphone has become a big distraction and a burden. I think that cell phones, in general, have done damage to peoples grammar and spelling. They use stenography and abbreviations for words and have forgotten the rule of your and youre because they are employ the shorthand ur. Its sad.

Psy/310 Perspectives Paper Essay

apiece psychological perspective has pi maviners who possess done the research to non merely present the perspective, hardly to too prove how beneficial it is. John B. Watson is one of the great pioneers who created and best-selling(predicate)ized the behavioral perspective. He had m whatsoever followers who believed in what he said, including B.F. mule skinner. Although Skinner was truly processd by Watson, he had his take ideas and theories that he subsequently on proved to be super persuasive. With the domination of the behavioral perspective, there also came skepticism, including one skeptic by the name of Edward C. Tolman. Tolman ulterior introduced cognitive psychological science, which is lock up a staple in modern day psychological science. John B. Watson did not have the close to ideal childhood. Perhaps this is why he later went on to become the mouthpiece for the movework forcet that came to be called behaviorism (Goodwin, 2008, p. 338). He was born in 1878 , rightful(prenominal) outside of Greenville, South Carolina. His father was a farmer with severe issues, such as alcoholism, adultery, and anger. His mother was an extremely sacred woman who pushed a future in the faith onto Watson. Although Watson was a fulgid young man, showing Furman University at the age of 16, he was well cognize as a troublemaker. Watson went on to earn his masters microscope stage in 1900 before entering the University of Chicago. His intention was to study philosophy and psychological science but later headstrong to focus on functionalist psychology. Watson had a muddy interest in animals and found himself extremely comfortable in skunkvas their behaviors, rather than those of human subjects. Watsons doctoral dissertation, codirected by Henry Donaldson and crowd in concert Angell, was a study of the relationship between cortical sirement and culture in young white rats (Goodwin, 2008, p. 338). White rats were thought to be unable(predicate) o f associative learning because their brains contained very few myelinated axons.Watsons studies later proved this to be wrong, in fact, proving that a white rats ability to form associations improved in their fourth week of life, as opposed to the first few weeks. Watson later published his results as living organism Education An Experimental Study of the Psychical Development of the White Rat, check with the Growth of Its Nervous System. This publication earned him his doctorate and the opportunity to take a breather at the University of Chicago as an instructor. Burrhus Frederick Skinners upbringing was a little different than that of John B. Watson. Skinner was born in 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His father was a successful lawyer and his mother was a homemaker, together they were a very image conscious married couple who often worried about what others thought. Skinner was a very intelligent exclusive and an independent thinker. He questioned anything that was not su pported with sound evidence. His high trail principle strongly recommended him to New Yorks Hamilton College, stating that Skinner was passionately lovesome of arguing with his teachers. He is quite a reader and although I do not think he actually supposes himself wiser than his teachers, I have found him to give that impression (as cited in Goodwin, 2008, p. 383). aft(prenominal) his sign unhappiness with Hamiltons atmosphere, Skinner realized that he had a passion for creative writing. Skinner decided to take a year off after his graduation to just write. He move back home with his p bents and later referred to this prison term as his dark year. Skinners parents were concerned about what wad thought of their son moving back home without a job, enchantment Skinner was concerned with the pressure of his parents expecting him to be productive in this year. In this year, Skinner read a number of articles and became intrigued with behaviorism.This intrigue motivated him to fal l out graduate studies in psychology at Harvard. As Skinner moved up the ladder, from a graduate student to a university fellow, his attitude toward warrant never changed. Not impressed by the work of E.G. dim, he referred to deadenings perception course as simply painful and lamented that Boring spent three entire lectures explaining a single visual dissimulation (Goodwin, 2008, p. 384). Skinner published his first book in 1938, The Behavior of Organisms, which summarized his old age of research at Harvard. He later returned to Harvard, in 1948, and remained active until his wipeout in 1990. Edward C. Tolman was born in 1886 in a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. Tolman came from a very stable and healthy family. His father was a successful fear executive, while his mother provided a solid moral foundation for thefamily. Tolman was extremely intelligent and talented, graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1911 with a phase in electrochemistry. The re were two reasons why Tolman decided to stray from a career in the field of electrochemistry. The first reason was the competition that would turn out with his brother, Richard Tolman, who later contributed to the development of the atomic bomb during World War II (Goodwin, 2008, p. 364). The second reason lies in Tolmans discovery of William James, often referred to as the father of American psychology. Following his graduation from MIT, Tolman enrolled in two pass courses at Harvard. The first was a philosophy course and the second was an introductory course in psychology. Robert Yerkes was the professor for this psychology course. Not only the professor, but also the reason Tolman was sold on psychology and decided to enter graduate school at Harvard. Tolman went on to earn his doctorate detail in 1915 from Harvard. Watsons publication, Behavior An Introduction to Comparative Psychology, made Tolman mold behaviorism as an attractive alternative to the traditional introspec tive psychology he was encountering in Hugo Munsterbergs laboratory (Goodwin, 2008, p. 364).Edward Holt was a major influence on the Tolmans beliefs. Holt believed that Watsonian behaviorism was too reductionistic and argued that behavior should be define more broadly as actions that serve some purpose (Goodwin, 2008). coarse deals of Holts beliefs were adopted by Tolman and later became the core of Tolmans possible action of learning. Later on, Tolman would be launched down the behavioristic slope after beingness given the opportunity to develop a new course and remember Yerks course and Watsons textbook. With such different backgrounds growing up, these three men definitely have similarities they share as well. Watson, Skinner, and Tolman each have their own connection to the behaviorist perspective in one way or another. Watson and Skinner each believe that an one-on-ones behavior can be conditioned in certain ways. For ex angstrom unitle, Watson was a firm believer in cla ssical conditioning, while Skinner developed operant conditioning. After extensive research on animals, particularly rats, Watson performed an experiment on lower-ranking Albert to test his theory or classical conditioning. Aside from the ethical issues of experimenting on an infant, Watson was successful in proving his theory correct. Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear, not only the white furred rat, but anything else that resembled the rat in any way. This fear was elicited by the loud noise that was associated with the presence of the furry rat. Skinners beliefs differed in the sense that he believed an individuals behavior is influenced primarily by the consequence following that particular behavior. For example, if it is a negative effect the behavior is less likely to occur again. If it is a positive consequence that follows that behavior, the chances of the behavior repeating are more likely. This is the laying claim of operant conditioning. Tolmans trademar k was little different because he introduced the cognitive theory to the gentlemans gentleman of psychology. Tolman too performed experiments on rats and their ability to run through and through complex mazes in order to gain a different causa of understanding on how their brains register and use the knowledge they obtain.Repetition of the alike routines everyday are overlooked. It is only when something is sought after in these routines that an individual or animal is able to recognize what they have previously learned. This is what Tolman believed to be a type of cognitive learning. Although primary behaviorism therapy is not popular today, behaviorism has been incorporated with cognitive therapy to develop cognitive behavioral therapy. cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of intercession that focuses on examining the relationships between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Duckworth, MD & Freedman, MD, 2012, p. 1). This is a very popular type of therapy today, especially with treating schizophrenia, post-traumatic sample disorder, and also different types of anxiety disorders. One of the greatest benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy is the ability to allow the uncomplaining to work with the clinician in developing the most useful treatment plan. It is almost like an active intervention where the patient is a little more active in the planning of treatment options. This can sometimes require the patient to do different types of readying on their own. Watson, Skinner, and Tolman have definitely opened up the psychology world to so many different perspectives and theories. Although each perspective may have its different flaws or drawbacks, together they contribute what each lacks when standing alone. Without Watsons initial research, Skinner may not have been influenced to theorize such perspectives as operant conditioning. In turn, Tolman may have not had the chance to develop what we now call cognitive behavioral therapy. Each stepping stone has added a little more history to the world ofpsychology to make it what it is today. These are just three of the men that can be attributed for the extensive time and research responsible for this said history.ReferencesGoodwin, C. J. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Duckworth, MD, K., & Freedman, MD, J.L. (2012, July). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. National Alliance on Mental Illness, N/A (N/A), 1-2. Retrieved from http//www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=About_Treatments_and_Supports&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=141590

Realiability and Validity Rosenburg Scale

Reliability and Validity of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale Texas A&ampM University Psychology 203 Introduction The purpose of our speculate was to evaluate the reliability and harshness of the Rosenber self-confidence plate advance. Reliability is plainly whether the invoicement putz you are using measures something consistently. For example does the resembling interrogation show the same results when administered repeatedly. Validity is the aspect of a measuring tool that signifies its measuring what it says it does.A valid test measures what it says its measuring. However you can commence a test that is reliable and non valid, for example if a instructor administers a spell test that the bookman has to complete on the calculator in a five minute time period. A student may get the same nominate over and over again, indicating its reliable, but it may non be valid because what if that student was let up at typing but knew how to spell every word. The test would n ot be valid because its not measuring just spelling as intended but also typing speed.Both reliability and validity are crucial in and believe because if the research instruments are not reliable and valid, then the results of your experiment will always be in perplexity. Method All ninety-nine A&ampM students (N=99) that participated in the appraise were in the same statistical writing family and were required to take the good deal as part of the course curriculum. The survey consisted of 24 males and 75 females, with the average age of these participants being around 20 years old, ranging any(prenominal)where from 19 to 24 (M=20. 7, SD=. 997). the survey measured vanity by using ten items from the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. The students were scored by pickings the mean of any their responses to the ten questions. 10 different statements that the participant rated on a scale of 1 to 7, (1 being disagree strongly and 7 being agree strongly), the higher the score the hi gher the individuals egotism. The scale consisted of 5 revers coded items an example of a normal item is on the whole I am satisfied with myself.A reverse coded item is an opponent statement for example is I feel I do not have much to be proud of. Results The 10 item subscale from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale appeared to have good internal consistency, (? = . 90). All the survey question appeared to be worth keeping in fact the deletion of any of the questions would have resulted in a lower alpha score. All 99 participants (N=99) responses to the 10 item survey were averaged together and the egotism score for all the participants had ranged from 2. 6-7 with a mean of 5. 4 (M=5. 4, SD=1. 08).The frequency distribution of the average self-esteem scores, illustrated on the histogram, portrays a distribution that is pretty normal but approximately negatively. This negative distributions means that the participants more frequently had high self-esteem scores than low scores. In fa ct no participants had a self-esteem score lower than 2. 6. Discussion To ensure that the survey instrument used in this study was actually measuring self-esteem we took a measure of Cronbachs alpha ( or ? ), which is a special measure of reliability known as internal consistency.The internal consistency reliability of survey instruments (e. g. Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale), is a measure of reliability of different survey items intended to measure the same characteristic, in this case self-esteem. For example, there were 10 different questions related to self-esteem level. Each question implies a response scale from 1 to 7. Responses from the congregation of the 99 respondents have been obtained. In reality, answers to different questions vary for each peculiar(prenominal) respondent, although the items are intended to measure the same aspect or quantity.The small this variability (or stronger the correlation), the greater the internal consistency reliability of this survey instru ment. So in this survey the self-esteem scale was found to be highly reliable (10 items ?? = . 90). We can safely assume that our survey items reliably measure self-esteem levels. One other way we might have assessed reliability would have been to get all the participants to take another Self-Esteem survey of similar design but with different questions.In social sciences in particular(prenominal) making sure that your research has construct validity is very important. make validity has traditionally been defined as the experimental demonstration that a test is measuring the construct it claims to be measuring, in laymens scathe does the measuring tool actually measure the theory under examination.? Am I actually measuring what I think I am measuring? In our example construct validity would be how hearty dos our observational tool (Rosenberg self-esteem scale) assess one proportionality of self-esteem.We could of inter-correlated measures of depression with the measures of the r evers coded items (SE3,SE5,SE8,SE9,SE10), because depression and the revers coded items have similar underlie constructs. Finally the low correlation between height and self-esteem in our study strengthens our construct validity. I believe it strengthens the overall resolve because commons theories of self-esteem have no reliable and valid evidence correlating the two, so we can assume that construct between the two would be low, and if our study showed a strong relationship it would be casue for questions.

Employment Law Compliance Plan Essay

As you gravel the venture of appointing your hot business, hiring your first employee or building an entire group of employees brings forth a whole new area for compliance regarding consumption and labor virtues this implicates some(prenominal) issue and farming laws.Atwood and Allen Consulting has compiled an Employment Law contour Plan specifically for Landslide Limousines so that you are aware of either and all laws you must abide by as a new employer. Outlined below you will find a brief overview of all(prenominal) law (both state and federal), as well as a abstract of consequences if you do not abide by these laws.State LawsThe Texas Payday Law downstairs the Texas Payday Law, all Texas private employers must abide by this law irrespective of the size or number of employees. This law requires employers to pay employees in plenteous and on quantify on regularly plan paydays (Kizziar, Bracewell & Guiliani, 2012). assorted types of compensation is subject to t he Texas Payday Law, which includes compensation for services rendered regardless of how they are computed cathexis and bonuses according to the agreement between the employee and employer and certain fringe benefits due beneath written agreement with or by policy of the employer. An employer must alike meet other obligations for payment of remuneration to remain compliant with this law, this includes the next An employer must pay profits to FLSA exempt employees at a minimal of once per calendar month FLSA non-exempt employees must be paid at a marginal of twice per month. Employers must imbibe a designated payday, and must withal post sufficient notice that is made available to all employees regarding the designated payday. If an employer fails to establish designated paydays, the paydays will be the first and fifteenth day of each month (Kizziar, Bracewell & Guiliani, 2012).An employee who is terminated from employment must be paid no later than six (6) days from the termination date. Employees who voluntarily terminate their frame must be paid on the next regularly scheduled payday. Commissions and Bonuses must be paid in the same manner and time frame in which other hire are paid. All wages must be paid to employees in US currency by check or direct deposit. Employees whitethorn receive wages get in another form only if it is agreed upon between the employer and the employee. An employer may not withhold or garnish employee wages earned unless it is request upon by the court, federal or state law, or has the written consent from the employee to do so.Consequences for Non-ComplianceIf employers do not abide by this law, an employee has the right to record a wage claim with the Texas custody Commission. If the employer is found guilty of non-compliance of every of the above named provisions outlined in this law, the employer may suffer both civil and criminal penalties (Texas Workforce Commission, 2013).The Texas negligible Wage fig ure RequirementsThe Texas nominal Wage Act was adopted to establish a minimum wage rate for FLSA non-exempt employees in the state of Texas. Effective on July 24, 2009, Texas began to follow the federal minimum wage requirement of $7.25 per hour as the federal minimum wage requirements change, the state requirements will to a fault change resulting in an self-regulating wage increase (Texas Workforce Commission, 2013).The Texas Minimum Wage Act also requires employers to provide each of their employees with a written earnings statement, which provides information that enables employees to restore from a single document whether they have been paid correctly for a given pay period.This Act also pardons numerous employers from its coverage. The primary franchise from the Texas Minimum Wage Act is for any person covered by the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Other specific exemptions include Employment in, of or by religious, educational, charitable or nonprofit organiz ations Professionals, salespersons or public officials Domestics Certain youths and students Inmates Family members Amusement and recreational establishments Non-agricultural employers not liable for state unemployment contributions Dairying and production of livestock and Sheltered workshops (Texas Workforce Commission, 2013).Consequences for Non-ComplianceIf for any savvy the employer does not comply with the Act, the employee may file a claim with the Texas Workforce Commission. If the employer is found guilty, they may be subject to civil penalties, with the addition of attorney fees and court costs.Federal LawsTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964This law makes it illegal to discriminate against any individual on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. This law also makes it illegal to retaliate against an employee if they may have complained about variety, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigatio n or lawsuit. Title VII of the Act mandates employers to make healthy accommodation for both applicants and employees in regards to religious practices, unless doing so would impose an unfounded hardship on the operation of the employers business.The Equal Pay Act of 1963The Equal Pay Act of 1963 makes it illegal for an employer to pay different wages to men and womenReferencesKizziar, J. H. (2012). The Texas Payday Law Where Is My Paycheck? Retrieved from http// (2012, January). The Texas Payday Law Where Is My Paycheck?Kizziar News. Retrieved from http//www.bracewellgiuliani.com/assets/KizziarJan2011News.pdfTexas Workforce Commission. (2013). Texas Minimum Wage Law. Retrieved from http//www.twc.state.tx.us/ui/lablaw/texas-minimum-wage-law.html

Hopes and Dreams Help People to Survive, Even if they can Never Become Real Essay

How is this true for George and Lennie/ the characters in Of Mice and Men?An important theme in Of Mice and Men is that of hopes and conceive ofs. The m birth(prenominal) vision is that of George and Lennie to own a sm solelyholding and work self-sufficiently. hence the story both begins and ends with George narrating the dream to Lennie. As well as George and Lennie opposite characters such as Candy, Crooks, Curley and Curleys married woman score dreams in addition. All of these hopes and dreams mask the guidance the characters be know throughout the novel. The book is set during the Ameri butt end stamp of the 1930s after the W both Street Crash of 1929. During this period many Ameri dopes struggled to specify ends meet. Many left their old lives in the cities of the East, such as Boston or New York, and travelled West to forge impudent lives for themselves based on agriculture, An live off the fatta the lan. This became the American Dream, this is the dream of George and Lennie.For George the dream serves two main roles. The first is that it claims him strive towards something, giving him rivalry and a fantasy of bestment. This makes him a better person because he is alert with his money, doesnt go out drinking or to the brothel, solely quite is c arful of his responsibilities, Me an Lennies rollin up a stake, I might go in an set and have a shot, but I aint puttin out no two and a half. This allows him to cope with a life sentence that he is dissatisfied with because he can use the dream to escape reality for a short while.The second function of the dream for George is that it is an integral part of his friendship with Lennie. George uses the dream to view Lennie as he behaves himself and works hard looking forward to the realisation of the dream. It is important for George that he continues his friendship with Lennie partly for companionship and party for more(prenominal) selfish reasons that Lennie is satisfactory to protect George a nd makes him feel and seem more intelligent.The dream is important to Lennie for standardized reasons to why it is important to George. Primarily it keeps him on the straight and narrow, it makes him work hard, go out his violent urges and obey George. He does this for fear of losing his role in the dream, you aint gonna get in no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits. The dream is also beneficial to Lennie because it allows him to die peacefully. non only atomic number 18 his final thoughts closely tending the rabbits and living happily ever after but he is also spared imprisonment or hanging by Georges devotion to the dream and hence Lennie.The close to important function of this dream is to keep them together. Despite George constantly formula God a mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. he stays with Lennie because they have made this dream together and are both striving to make it real. Lennie knows that he must stay with George because if he l eft he would lose this dream.George and Lennies dream is so correctly it draws others in such as Candy and Crooks. Candy is described as, grin with delight as George describes their new ranch together. This shows how little is needed to make him happy. Candy uses the dream to escape from his lonely and dull life where he feels worthless.Even though he may know it forget never become real it gives him, too, something to work for and some comfort, as he exit then be looked after in his old age. The relationship surrounded by George and Lennie is mirrored in the relationship between Candy and his dog. Candy could non shoot his dog but got Carlson to do it for him. He soon regretted allowing this, I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldnt ought to of let no queer shoot my dog. This prepares the reader for George shooting Lennie and shows that it was the right thing to do.Crooks also gets caught up in the dream despite how much more cynical he is, You guys is just kid din yourself. Youll talk about it a hell of a lot, but you wont get no land. This shows how powerful this particular dream is, how they have made it so real as even Crooks want to call back the dream can come true despite what he knows about the world. As the novel progresses the reader becomes more and more like Crooks and pessimistic about the dream ever becoming realised. The dream helps Crooks feel genuine by white men as he is now a part of their dream and included by them. It makes him too feel sacred of something. Crooks role is to prepare the reader with his pessimism for the failure of the dream.This dream helps all these four-spot men in a positive way as it gives them all incentive to work harder, save money and not spend it all at the brothel, it helps build friendship and trust. However not all the dreams in Of Mice and Men help people to survive in this way, Curley and Curleys wifes dreams influence their characters negatively.Curley is a small man with a revenge against the world. He is very angry that he is small and so picks fights with those extendedger than himself Hes alla time picking scraps with big guys. His own hope is that he can prove himself to be a big tough guy and get the respect of the other men, he tries to make full this with his boxing but still he is a laughing pains with the workers, as he cannot control his own wife.Similarly, Curleys wife has an unavailable dream of becoming a movie star. This is also for the respect of others curiously men. Curleys wife is very good at using her sex to control men and also uses her husbands status to control the workers. As she is unhappily married she uses her dreams as escapism that allows her to believe that she deserves and can get a better life than she has already. These dreams only serve to make Curley and his wife bitter.The difference between George and Lennies dream and Curley and his wifes separate dreams is the effect they have on the characters. Curley and his wife are worse people as they are so caught up in not achieving their dreams that they dont realise that they already have the dream life of many others. George and Lennies dream makes them look forward to a better life and has a positive effect on their current lives. essentially Curley and his wife are already living the American Dream and have the power, prestige and respect that George and Lennie aspire to. But still are hard put and dream of having more themselves. Dreams are a product of dissatisfaction and this shows how mankind will always strive and dream for higher and better things no event how much they have. In this theme Steinbeck is commenting that mankind is never satisfied and that dreams are an essential part of survival.Steinbecks use of colloquial language for the dialogue between the ranch workers for example an Id get a job an make up the res, an you could sell eggs an stop like that to make the story seem more realistic and alive. It also gives us an idea of how they spoke and makes the book more enjoyable for the reader. apply a great deal of dialogue in the book makes it more interesting and easier to read.Steinbeck uses light and off-keyness to focus the readers aid throughout the novel. Such as in the third chapter, the bunkhouse is completely dark but when George and Slim enter, the electric light over the flier evade is switched on and the focus is then on the conversation at the card table as there is darkness all around. And even though there are voices from the darkness the readers attention corpse with Slim and George. Steinbeck does not use huge amounts of description however the way that he does describe the events is sufficient to make it seem as though you are actually there or allow you understand what it would be like. By saying the thuds and occasional clangs of a horseshoe game you can hear it in your mind and this helps the reader imagine the scene easily. In this way Steinbeck brings the characters dream to life .